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[Title] Gastrointestinal neuroendocrine tumors: pancreatic endocrine tumors.

Pancreatic endocrine tumors (PETs) have long fascinated clinicians and investigators despite their relative rarity.

Their clinical presentation varies depending on whether the tumor is functional or not, and also according to the specific hormonal syndrome produced.

Tumors may be sporadic or inherited, but little is known about their molecular pathology, especially the sporadic forms.

Chromogranin A appears to be the most useful serum marker for diagnosis, staging, and monitoring.

Most PETs are relatively indolent but ultimately malignant, except for insulinomas, which predominantly are benign.

Surgery is the only modality that offers the possibility of cure, although it generally is noncurative in patients with Zollinger-Ellison syndrome or nonfunctional PETs with multiple endocrine neoplasia-type 1.

Preoperative staging of disease extent is necessary to determine the likelihood of complete resection although debulking surgery often is believed to be useful in patients with unresectable tumors.

Systemic or regional therapies generally are reserved until symptoms occur or tumor growth is rapid.

This review addresses a number of recent advances regarding the molecular pathology, diagnosis, localization, and management of PETs including discussion of peptide-receptor radionuclide therapy and other novel antitumor approaches.

[MeSH-major] Pancreatic Neoplasms

[MeSH-minor] Combined Modality Therapy / methods. Diagnosis, Differential. Diagnostic Imaging / methods. Global Health. Humans. Morbidity. Survival Rate

MedlinePlus Health Information. consumer health - Pancreatic Cancer.

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(PMID = 18703061.001).

[ISSN] 1528-0012

[Journal-full-title] Gastroenterology

[ISO-abbreviation] Gastroenterology

[Language] eng

[Grant] United States / Intramural NIH HHS / / Z01 DK053200-16; United States / Intramural NIH HHS / / Z01 DK053215-01

[Publication-type] Journal Article; Research Support, N.I.H., Intramural; Review

[Publication-country] United States

[Number-of-references] 308

[Other-IDs] NLM/ NIHMS78368; NLM/ PMC2612755

   

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[Title] D-aspartate oxidase localisation in pituitary and pineal glands of the female pig.

Because only D-aspartate oxidase (DDO) can degrade D-aspartate, we determined DDO localisation in the pituitary and pineal glands to elucidate the control mechanisms of local D-aspartate concentration.

Brain tissues and pituitary and pineal glands of the female pigs contained a similar DDO activity of 0.38-0.66 U/g protein.

We used dual-label immunocytochemistry to determine which pituitary hormones colocalise with DDO, and whether DDO and D-aspartate immunoreactivity is reciprocal.

In the pituitary gland, almost all proopiomelanocortin-positive cells colocalised DDO, whereas only growth hormone-positive cells colocalised D-aspartate.

The present study suggests that DDO plays important roles to prevent undesirable off-target action of D-aspartate by strictly controlling local D-aspartate concentration in the pituitary and pineal glands.

[MeSH-major] D-Aspartate Oxidase / metabolism. Pineal Gland / enzymology. Pituitary Gland / enzymology

[MeSH-minor] Animals. Antibody Specificity. Aspartic Acid / metabolism. Blotting, Western. Brain / enzymology. Endocrine Glands / metabolism. Female. Immunohistochemistry. Microscopy, Fluorescence. Pituitary Hormones / immunology. Pituitary Hormones / metabolism. Swine

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[Copyright] © 2010 The Authors. Journal of Neuroendocrinology © 2010 Blackwell Publishing Ltd.

(PMID = 20819121.001).

[ISSN] 1365-2826

[Journal-full-title] Journal of neuroendocrinology

[ISO-abbreviation] J. Neuroendocrinol.

[Language] eng

[Publication-type] Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

[Publication-country] England

[Chemical-registry-number] 0 / Pituitary Hormones; 30KYC7MIAI / Aspartic Acid; EC 1.4.3.1 / D-Aspartate Oxidase

   

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In tissue explants of pituitary glands from Period1-luciferase (Per1-luc) transgenic rats infected with Tb brucei, the period of Per1-luc expression was significantly shorter.

We also examined the relative expression of Per1, Clock, and Bmal1 mRNA in the SCN, pineal gland, and spleen from control and infected rats using qPCR.

Both Clock and Bmal1 mRNA expression was reduced in the pineal gland and spleen following Tb brucei infection.

However, our data show that the infection overall alters molecular clock function in peripheral clocks including the pituitary gland, pineal gland, and spleen.

[MeSH-minor] Animals. Animals, Genetically Modified. Biological Clocks. Body Temperature. Male. Neurons / metabolism. Pineal Gland / metabolism. Pituitary Gland / metabolism. Rats. Rats, Wistar. Spleen / metabolism. Suprachiasmatic Nucleus / metabolism

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(PMID = 20348460.001).

[ISSN] 1552-4531

[Journal-full-title] Journal of biological rhythms

[ISO-abbreviation] J. Biol. Rhythms

[Language] eng

[Grant] United States / NIMH NIH HHS / MH / R01 MH062517; United States / NHLBI NIH HHS / HL / R01 HL071510-03; United States / NIDDK NIH HHS / DK / T32 DK007646; United States / NIMH NIH HHS / MH / R01 MH062517-03; United States / NHLBI NIH HHS / HL / R01 HL071510

[Publication-type] Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

[Publication-country] United States

[Chemical-registry-number] 0 / Per1 protein, rat; 0 / Period Circadian Proteins

[Other-IDs] NLM/ NIHMS203341; NLM/ PMC2897063

   

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BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Spontaneous intracranial hypotension (SIH) presents with orthostatic headache, and the diagnosis is made on the basis of low CSF pressure and brain MR imaging findings characteristic of the disorder.

RESULTS: Brain MR imaging detected abnormalities in 15 of the 18 patients (83%): diffuse pachymeningeal enhancement in 15 (83%), descent of the cerebellar tonsil in 13 (72%), brain stem sagging in 13 (72%), enlargement of the pituitary gland in 12 (67%), and subdural fluid collection in 13 (72%).

CONCLUSIONS: Spinal MR imaging is useful for the diagnosis of SIH, especially in the early stage.

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(PMID = 18768717.001).

[ISSN] 1936-959X

[Journal-full-title] AJNR. American journal of neuroradiology

[ISO-abbreviation] AJNR Am J Neuroradiol

[Language] eng

[Publication-type] Journal Article

[Publication-country] United States

   

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The disruption of the gene does not alter the expression of TSHbeta mRNA in the pituitary gland or glutathione-S-transferase alpha2 and deiodinase 1 mRNAs in either the liver or kidney.

[MeSH-minor] Animals. Gene Expression. Glutathione Transferase / genetics. Hearing / genetics. Heart Rate / genetics. Iodide Peroxidase / genetics. Isoenzymes / genetics. Kidney / chemistry. Kidney / metabolism. Liver / chemistry. Liver / metabolism. Mice. Mice, Knockout. Myocardium / chemistry. Myocardium / metabolism. NADP / metabolism. Pituitary Gland / chemistry. Pituitary Gland / metabolism. RNA, Messenger / analysis. RNA, Messenger / metabolism. Thyrotropin, beta Subunit / genetics. Thyrotropin, beta Subunit / metabolism. Thyroxine / blood. Thyroxine / metabolism. Triiodothyronine / blood. Triiodothyronine / metabolism

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(PMID = 17264173.001).

[ISSN] 0888-8809

[Journal-full-title] Molecular endocrinology (Baltimore, Md.)

[ISO-abbreviation] Mol. Endocrinol.

[Language] eng

[Publication-type] Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

[Publication-country] United States

[Chemical-registry-number] 0 / Crystallins; 0 / Isoenzymes; 0 / RNA, Messenger; 0 / Thyrotropin, beta Subunit; 06LU7C9H1V / Triiodothyronine; 147681-64-9 / crystallin mu; 53-59-8 / NADP; 5817-39-0 / Triiodothyronine, Reverse; EC 1.11.1.8 / Iodide Peroxidase; EC 2.5.1.18 / Glutathione Transferase; EC 2.5.1.18 / glutathione S-transferase alpha; Q51BO43MG4 / Thyroxine

   

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[Title] Pituitary enlargement in patients with primary hypothyroidism.

OBJECTIVE: To assesses the frequency and degree of pituitary hyperplasia in patients with primary hypothyroidism, the association of pituitary enlargement with disease severity, and the response to treatment.

Initial and follow-up investigations included thyroid function tests, serum prolactin levels, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the pituitary.

Visual field examination was requested for all patients with pituitary enlargement (and adequately completed in 24).

RESULTS: Pituitary enlargement on MRI was found in 37 of the 53 patients (70%), with 31 of the 37 patients (84%) having TSH levels of > or = 100 microIU/mL.

After thyroxine treatment, 85% of the patients with pituitary enlargement who underwent a follow-up MRI showed a decrease in size of the gland.

About half of the patients were referred to our facility with the diagnosis of hypothyroidism; presenting features in the rest of the patients included galactorrhea, menstrual irregularities, learning disability, short stature, precocious puberty, ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome, headaches, visual field defects, and dry ichthyotic skin.

CONCLUSION: The association between pituitary gland enlargement and primary hypothyroidism should be kept in mind when pituitary hyperplasia is detected on MRI, before unwarranted and drastic interventions are initiated.

[MeSH-major] Hypothyroidism / diagnosis. Hypothyroidism / epidemiology. Pituitary Gland / pathology. Thyrotropin / metabolism. Thyroxine / therapeutic use

[MeSH-minor] Adolescent. Adult. Age Distribution. Child. Child, Preschool. Cohort Studies. Comorbidity. Developing Countries. Female. Follow-Up Studies. Humans. Hyperplasia / diagnosis. Hyperplasia / epidemiology. Incidence. Jordan / epidemiology. Magnetic Resonance Imaging. Male. Middle Aged. Retrospective Studies. Risk Assessment. Sex Distribution. Thyroid Function Tests

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(PMID = 16524860.001).

[ISSN] 1530-891X

[Journal-full-title] Endocrine practice : official journal of the American College of Endocrinology and the American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists

[ISO-abbreviation] Endocr Pract

[Language] eng

[Publication-type] Comparative Study; Journal Article

[Publication-country] United States

[Chemical-registry-number] 9002-71-5 / Thyrotropin; Q51BO43MG4 / Thyroxine

   

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Adrenal insufficiency is a rare disorder, usually with gradually evolving clinical symptoms and signs.

Occasionally, an acute adrenal insufficiency crisis can become a life-threatening condition because of acute interruption of a normal or hyperfunctioning adrenal or pituitary gland or sudden interruption of a adrenal replacement therapy.

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(PMID = 17127145.001).

[ISSN] 0889-8529

[Journal-full-title] Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America

[ISO-abbreviation] Endocrinol. Metab. Clin. North Am.

[Language] eng

[Publication-type] Journal Article; Review

[Publication-country] United States

[Chemical-registry-number] 451W47IQ8X / Sodium Chloride; 9002-60-2 / Adrenocorticotropic Hormone; WI4X0X7BPJ / Hydrocortisone

[Number-of-references] 17

   

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[Title] Risk of pituitary tumors in cellular phone users: a case-control study.

BACKGROUND: There is public concern and scientific interest regarding a potential effect of cellular phone use on the risk of developing intracranial tumors.

Tumors of the pituitary gland have barely been investigated in this context, but are of interest because of their intracranial location.

METHODS: We conducted a population-based case-control study between 2001 and 2005 of the risk of developing pituitary tumors in relation to cellular phone use in Southeast England, with 291 cases and 630 controls.

RESULTS: Tumor risk was not associated with cellular phone use overall (adjusted odds ratio = 0.9, 95% confidence interval = 0.7-1.3), and was not appreciably increased 10 or more years after first use (1.0; 0.5-1.9), or after 10 or more years of cumulative use (1.1; 0.5-2.4).

Separate analyses of analog and digital phone use showed no associations with tumor risk.

CONCLUSIONS: We found no evidence that the risk of developing pituitary tumors is associated with cellular phone use for the induction time periods and intensities of use observed.

[MeSH-major] Cell Phones / utilization. Pituitary Neoplasms / epidemiology

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(PMID = 19279493.001).

[ISSN] 1531-5487

[Journal-full-title] Epidemiology (Cambridge, Mass.)

[ISO-abbreviation] Epidemiology

[Language] eng

[Publication-type] Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

[Publication-country] United States

   

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[Title] Pituitary autoantibodies in autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome type 1.

Autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome type 1 (APS1) is a rare autosomal recessive disorder caused by mutations in the autoimmune regulator (AIRE) gene.

In this study, we aimed to identify pituitary autoantigens in patients with APS1.

A pituitary cDNA expression library was screened with APS1 sera and a tudor domain containing protein 6 (TDRD6) cDNA clone was isolated.

By using immunohistochemistry, sera from 3/6 APS1 patients with growth hormone (GH) deficiency showed immunostaining of a small number of guinea pig anterior pituitary cells, and 40-50% of these cells were GH-positive.

The APS1 Aab-positive, GH-negative cells may represent a novel subpopulation of anterior pituitary cells.

In addition, 4/6 patient sera showed staining of a fiber-plexus in the pituitary intermediate lobe recognizing enzymes of monoamine and GABA synthesis.

Thus, we have identified TDRD6 as a major autoantigen in APS1 patients and shown that several sera from GH-deficient patients stain specific cell populations and nerves in the pituitary gland.

[MeSH-major] Autoantibodies / immunology. Pituitary Gland / immunology. Polyendocrinopathies, Autoimmune / immunology

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(PMID = 17215373.001).

[ISSN] 0027-8424

[Journal-full-title] Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

[ISO-abbreviation] Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

[Language] eng

[Databank-accession-numbers] GENBANK/ EF185284

[Publication-type] Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

[Publication-country] United States

[Chemical-registry-number] 0 / Autoantibodies; 0 / Autoantigens; 9002-72-6 / Growth Hormone

[Other-IDs] NLM/ PMC1783420

   

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Magnetic resonance imaging of her brain displayed a normal pituitary gland and hypothalamus.

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(PMID = 16874705.001).

[ISSN] 1121-8428

[Journal-full-title] Journal of nephrology

[ISO-abbreviation] J. Nephrol.

[Language] eng

[Publication-type] Case Reports; Journal Article

[Publication-country] Italy

[Chemical-registry-number] 0 / Glucocorticoids

   

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[Title] Involvement of pro-apoptotic and anti-apoptotic factors in the early development of the human pituitary gland.

The spatial and temporal pattern of appearance of pro-apoptotic caspase-3 and p53 proteins, and anti-apoptotic bcl-2 protein was investigated in the developing pituitary gland of 6 human embryos 5-8-weeks old, using morphological and immunohistochemical techniques.

Pro-apoptotic p53 protein was detected in all parts of the pituitary gland throughout the investigated period.

While caspase-3 dependent pathway of cell death participated in morphogenesis of the adenohypophysis and associated connective tissue, p53-mediated apoptosis most likely participates in morphogenesis of all parts of the gland, including neurohypophysis.

The anti-apoptotic bcl-2 protein was also detected in all parts of the developing gland.

Bcl-2 protein probably prevented cell death in all parts of the gland and enhanced cell differentiation.

The described pattern of appearance of the investigated pro-apoptotic and anti-apoptotic factors might be important for normal morphogenesis and function of the pituitary gland.

[MeSH-major] Apoptosis. Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins / metabolism. Pituitary Gland / metabolism

[MeSH-minor] Caspase 3 / metabolism. Cell Differentiation. Gestational Age. Humans. Immunohistochemistry. In Situ Nick-End Labeling. Morphogenesis. Pituitary Gland, Posterior / embryology. Pituitary Gland, Posterior / metabolism. Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2 / metabolism. Tumor Suppressor Protein p53 / metabolism

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(PMID = 18712678.001).

[ISSN] 1699-5848

[Journal-full-title] Histology and histopathology

[ISO-abbreviation] Histol. Histopathol.

[Language] eng

[Publication-type] Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

[Publication-country] Spain

[Chemical-registry-number] 0 / Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins; 0 / Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2; 0 / TP53 protein, human; 0 / Tumor Suppressor Protein p53; EC 3.4.22.- / CASP3 protein, human; EC 3.4.22.- / Caspase 3

   

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[Title] Clinical importance of the basal cavernous sinuses and cavernous carotid arteries relative to the pituitary gland and macroadenomas: quantitative analysis of the complete anatomy.

Our aim was to quantitatively analyze anatomical and radiologic relationships among the BCS, the CCA, and the pituitary gland, as these structures are accessed during TSS.

In each specimen, size of the pituitary gland and specific characteristics of each BCS and the horizontal segment of each CCA were recorded.

Slowly growing pituitary adenomas stretch out both CCAs considerably from medial to lateral directions, and they cause widening of intercarotid distances in all segments.

[MeSH-major] Adenoma / pathology. Carotid Artery, Internal / anatomy & histology. Cavernous Sinus / anatomy & histology. Cranial Fossa, Middle / anatomy & histology. Pituitary Neoplasms / pathology. Sphenoid Bone / anatomy & histology

[MeSH-minor] Adult. Aged. Aged, 80 and over. Cadaver. Cranial Fossa, Posterior / anatomy & histology. Cranial Fossa, Posterior / surgery. Dura Mater / anatomy & histology. Dura Mater / surgery. Female. Humans. Magnetic Resonance Imaging. Male. Middle Aged. Pituitary Gland / anatomy & histology. Pituitary Gland / pathology. Pituitary Gland / surgery. Pituitary Gland, Posterior / anatomy & histology. Pituitary Gland, Posterior / pathology. Pituitary Gland, Posterior / surgery. Sella Turcica / anatomy & histology. Sella Turcica / surgery

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(PMID = 18262607.001).

[ISSN] 0090-3019

[Journal-full-title] Surgical neurology

[ISO-abbreviation] Surg Neurol

[Language] eng

[Publication-type] Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

[Publication-country] United States

   

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[Title] Regulation of pituitary gene expression by adrenalectomy.

To identify pituitary mediators for ADX-induced physiological alterations, such as weight loss and hypotension, we investigated the effect of ADX on the pituitary transcriptome using serial analysis of gene expression (SAGE).

The SAGE libraries were constructed from pituitary gland of intact (n = 51) and ADX (n = 12) mice.

This study reveals alterations of pituitary gene expressions that may be associated with ADX-induced physiological changes including weight loss.

[MeSH-major] Adrenalectomy. Gene Expression Regulation. Pituitary Gland / physiology. RNA, Messenger / genetics

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(PMID = 19107126.001).

[ISSN] 1930-7381

[Journal-full-title] Obesity (Silver Spring, Md.)

[ISO-abbreviation] Obesity (Silver Spring)

[Language] eng

[Publication-type] Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

[Publication-country] United States

[Chemical-registry-number] 0 / RNA, Messenger; 63231-63-0 / RNA

   

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The role of gonadotropin (GTH) in the reproduction of the Japanese flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus, was studied by assessing the changes in the apparent activity of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) in the pituitary gland during gonadal maturation by immunohistochemical analyses.

[MeSH-minor] Animals. Estradiol / blood. Female. Hydroxyprogesterones / blood. Immunohistochemistry. Pituitary Gland / metabolism. Testosterone / blood

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(PMID = 18958593.001).

[ISSN] 1573-5168

[Journal-full-title] Fish physiology and biochemistry

[ISO-abbreviation] Fish Physiol. Biochem.

[Language] eng

[Publication-type] Journal Article

[Publication-country] Netherlands

[Chemical-registry-number] 0 / Hydroxyprogesterones; 10456-50-5 / 17,20-dihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one; 3XMK78S47O / Testosterone; 4TI98Z838E / Estradiol; 9002-67-9 / Luteinizing Hormone; 9002-68-0 / Follicle Stimulating Hormone

   

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[Title] Subcellular localisation of VEGF in different pituitary cells. Changes of its expression in oestrogen induced prolactinomas.

Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is an important angiogenic factor in the pituitary gland.

The objective of this study was to unveil the VEGF subcellular localisation in different pituitary cell types and to evaluate changes in its expression at different time intervals after oestrogen stimulation.

Oestrogen treatment increased the number of VEGF immunopositive cells and its expression detected differentially by western blot in both nucleus and cytoplasm of pituitary cells when compared to the control.

In lactotrophs, the predominant cell of the tumour, VEGF was immunodetected in RER, Golgi complex, and vesicular organelles, supporting further the association with an auto-paracrine effect exerted by VEGF.

In the course of prolactinoma development, the oestrogen stimulated VEGF expression in tumoural cells, promoting a vascular adaptation which contributes to growth and progression of the tumour.

[MeSH-major] Estrogens / pharmacology. Lactotrophs / metabolism. Pituitary Neoplasms / metabolism. Prolactinoma / metabolism. Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A / metabolism

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(PMID = 16733790.001).

[ISSN] 1567-2379

[Journal-full-title] Journal of molecular histology

[ISO-abbreviation] J. Mol. Histol.

[Language] eng

[Publication-type] Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

[Publication-country] Netherlands

[Chemical-registry-number] 0 / Cell Extracts; 0 / Estrogens; 0 / Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A

   

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The present study examined alterations in stressor-induced activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis in rats provided daily access to cocaine for self-administration (SA) under long-access conditions (1.0 mg/kg/infusion; 6 hx14 days).

GR protein expression measured using Western blot analysis was significantly reduced in the dorsomedial hypothalamus (including the paraventricular nucleus [PVN]) but not in the pituitary gland, ventromedial hypothalamus, dorsal hippocampus, ventral subiculum, medial prefrontal cortex or amygdala in cocaine self-administering rats.

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(PMID = 17689506.001).

[ISSN] 0006-8993

[Journal-full-title] Brain research

[ISO-abbreviation] Brain Res.

[Language] ENG

[Grant] United States / NIDA NIH HHS / DA / R01 DA015758; None / None / / R01 DA015758-03; United States / NIDA NIH HHS / DA / DA15758; United States / NIDA NIH HHS / DA / R01 DA015758-03

[Publication-type] Journal Article; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural

[Publication-country] Netherlands

[Chemical-registry-number] 0 / Dopamine Uptake Inhibitors; 0 / RNA, Messenger; 0 / Receptors, Glucocorticoid; 9015-71-8 / Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone; I5Y540LHVR / Cocaine; W980KJ009P / Corticosterone

[Other-IDs] NLM/ NIHMS30281; NLM/ PMC2121305

   

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It has been clear for several decades that the areas of the brain that control reproductive function are sexually dimorphic and that the 'programming actions' of the male gonadal steroids are responsible for sex-specific release of the gonadotrophins from the pituitary gland.

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(PMID = 17008465.001).

[ISSN] 1470-1626

[Journal-full-title] Reproduction (Cambridge, England)

[ISO-abbreviation] Reproduction

[Language] eng

[Publication-type] Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Review

[Publication-country] England

[Chemical-registry-number] 0 / Androgens; 0 / Endocrine Disruptors; 33515-09-2 / Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone

[Number-of-references] 82

   

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Acid hydrolysis or enzymatic hydrolysis (glucuronidases and sulfatases) was used to study isoflavone contents in the heart, brain, epididymis, fat, lung, testis, liver, pituitary gland, prostate gland, mammary glands, uterus, and kidney from rats fed diets made with soy protein isolate.

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(PMID = 16104811.001).

[ISSN] 0021-8561

[Journal-full-title] Journal of agricultural and food chemistry

[ISO-abbreviation] J. Agric. Food Chem.

[Language] eng

[Publication-type] Comparative Study; Journal Article; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.

[Publication-country] United States

[Chemical-registry-number] 0 / Isoflavones; 6287WC5J2L / daidzein; DH2M523P0H / Genistein; EC 3.1.6.- / Sulfatases; EC 3.2.1.31 / Glucuronidase

   

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Microarray profiling of pituitary gland and testicular gene expression was performed after 8 years of treatment, using GeneChip® Rhesus Macaque Genome Arrays (Affymetrix), and showed very little effect of caloric restriction.

Using a 1.5-fold difference threshold, our microarray analysis revealed differential expression of only 145 probesets in the pituitary gland and 260 in the testes, out of a total of >54,000.

Semi-quantitative RT-PCR performed on pituitary gland mRNA corroborated the microarray findings for selected modulated genes, including TSH receptor (TSHR) and sperm-specific antigen 2 (SSFA2).

Most notably, significantly lower expression of TSH receptor mRNA was observed in the pituitary of CR compared to CON animals.

Importantly, our data suggest that moderate CR has no obvious lasting detrimental effect on the reproductive neuroendocrine axis of long-lived primates, and has only a modest influence on pituitary and testicular gene expression.

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(PMID = 20814446.001).

[Journal-full-title] Open Longevity Science

[ISO-abbreviation] Open Longev Sci

[Language] ENG

[Grant] United States / NIA NIH HHS / AG / R01 AG029612-03; United States / NCRR NIH HHS / RR / RR000163-478882; United States / NCRR NIH HHS / RR / RR000163-460117; United States / NCRR NIH HHS / RR / P51 RR000163; United States / NICHD NIH HHS / HD / HD029186-09; United States / NIA NIH HHS / AG / R01 AG019914; United States / NIA NIH HHS / AG / R01 AG029612; United States / NCRR NIH HHS / RR / RR000163-486757; United States / NIA NIH HHS / AG / AG019914-04S1; United States / NCRR NIH HHS / RR / K01 RR000163; United States / NICHD NIH HHS / HD / R01 HD029186; United States / NIA NIH HHS / AG / AG019914-04

[Publication-type] JOURNAL ARTICLE

[Publication-country] Netherlands

   

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AIM: Investigation of the biodistribution and calculation of dosimetry of Ga-68-DOTATOC- for patients imaged in the routine clinical setting for diagnosis or exclusion of neuroendocrine tumours.

The relevant organs for dosimetry were spleen, kidneys, liver, adrenals, urinary bladder and pituitary gland.

RESULTS: Rapid physiological uptake of the radiotracer could be demonstrated in liver, spleen and kidneys, adrenals and pituitary gland (mean SUVs were 6, 20, 16, 10, and 4, respectively).

CONCLUSION: 68Ga-DOTATOC is used extensively for diagnosis of somatostatin receptor positive tumours because it has several advantages over the 111In-labelled ligand.

[MeSH-minor] Adult. Aged. Bone and Bones / radiation effects. Environmental Exposure. Female. Humans. Kidney / radiation effects. Liver / radiation effects. Male. Middle Aged. Neoplasm Staging. Positron-Emission Tomography / methods. Tomography, X-Ray Computed / methods

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(PMID = 19639164.001).

[ISSN] 0029-5566

[Journal-full-title] Nuklearmedizin. Nuclear medicine

[ISO-abbreviation] Nuklearmedizin

[Language] ger

[Publication-type] English Abstract; Journal Article

[Publication-country] Germany

[Chemical-registry-number] 0 / Gallium Radioisotopes; RWM8CCW8GP / Octreotide; U194AS08HZ / Edotreotide

   

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Modulation of the number of GnRH receptors by PPT and DPN was examined in primary cultures of ovine pituitary cells.

1) ESR1 and ESR2 mediate the negative feedback of E2 on secretion of LH at the level of the pituitary gland, 2) ESR1 and ESR2 do not synergize or antagonize the effects of each other; however, they do interact to synchronize the beginning of the stimulatory effect of E2 on secretion of LH, 3) ESR1 and ESR2 may mediate at least partially the positive feedback of E2 on LH secretion by increasing the number of GnRH receptors, and 4) only ESR1 appears to be involved in the negative feedback of E2 on secretion of FSH.

[MeSH-minor] Animals. Cells, Cultured. Drug Interactions. Estradiol / administration & dosage. Feedback, Physiological. Female. Nitriles / administration & dosage. Ovariectomy. Phenols. Pituitary Gland, Anterior / chemistry. Pituitary Gland, Anterior / drug effects. Pituitary Gland, Anterior / metabolism. Pyrazoles / administration & dosage. Receptors, LHRH / analysis. Receptors, LHRH / drug effects

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(PMID = 17429013.001).

[ISSN] 0006-3363

[Journal-full-title] Biology of reproduction

[ISO-abbreviation] Biol. Reprod.

[Language] eng

[Publication-type] Journal Article; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.

[Publication-country] United States

[Chemical-registry-number] 0 / 1,3,5-tris(4-hydroxyphenyl)-4-propyl-1H-pyrazole; 0 / Estrogen Receptor alpha; 0 / Estrogen Receptor beta; 0 / Nitriles; 0 / Phenols; 0 / Pyrazoles; 0 / Receptors, LHRH; 4TI98Z838E / Estradiol; 9002-67-9 / Luteinizing Hormone; 9002-68-0 / Follicle Stimulating Hormone

   

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[Title] Symptomatic hyperprolactinemia from an ectopic pituitary adenoma located in the clivus.

OBJECTIVE: To report a case of an ectopic pituitary adenoma in the clivus.

METHODS: The clinical, laboratory, and imaging findings of the case are reviewed, and the embryogenesis of the pituitary gland, the pathophysiologic features of this condition, the diagnosis, and the treatment options are discussed.

After the resected tissue was examined, the patient was diagnosed as having an ectopic prolactin-producing pituitary adenoma.

Surgical resection was undertaken in our patient because of the uncertainty of the diagnosis and the aggressive natural history of more common tumors of the clivus, such as chordomas.

Although it is possible that a successful trial of dopaminergic therapy would have obviated surgical intervention, this approach would be associated with additional risks if the diagnosis were incorrect.

[MeSH-major] Cranial Fossa, Posterior / pathology. Hyperprolactinemia / diagnosis. Hyperprolactinemia / pathology. Pituitary Neoplasms / diagnosis. Pituitary Neoplasms / pathology

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(PMID = 19289326.001).

[ISSN] 1934-2403

[Journal-full-title] Endocrine practice : official journal of the American College of Endocrinology and the American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists

[ISO-abbreviation] Endocr Pract

[Language] eng

[Publication-type] Case Reports; Journal Article

[Publication-country] United States

   

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[Title] Mechanisms of disease: multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1-relation to chromatin modifications and transcription regulation.

Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN1) is a hereditary tumor syndrome characterized by tumors of the parathyroid glands, the pancreatic islets, the pituitary gland, the adrenal glands, as well as by neuroendocrine carcinoid tumors, often at a young age.

Causal to the syndrome are germline mutations of the MEN1 tumor-suppressor gene.

Identification of gene-mutation carriers has enabled presymptomatic diagnosis and treatment of MEN1-related lesions.

Recent observations indicate several functions for menin in the regulation of transcription, serving either as a repressor or as an activator: menin interacts with the activator-protein-1-family transcription factor JunD, changing it from an oncoprotein into a tumor-suppressor protein, putatively by recruitment of histone deacetylase complexes; menin maintains transforming growth factor beta mediated signal transduction involved in parathyroid hormone and prolactin gene expression; and menin is an integral component of histone methyltransferase complexes.

[MeSH-major] Chromatin / metabolism. Gene Expression Regulation. Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Type 1 / genetics. Proto-Oncogene Proteins / physiology. Transcription, Genetic

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(PMID = 17024155.001).

[ISSN] 1745-8366

[Journal-full-title] Nature clinical practice. Endocrinology & metabolism

[ISO-abbreviation] Nat Clin Pract Endocrinol Metab

[Language] eng

[Publication-type] Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Review

[Publication-country] England

[Chemical-registry-number] 0 / Chromatin; 0 / MEN1 protein, human; 0 / NF-kappa B; 0 / Proto-Oncogene Proteins; 0 / Transforming Growth Factor beta; EC 2.1.1.- / Protein Methyltransferases; EC 2.1.1.- / histone methyltransferase; EC 2.1.1.43 / Histone-Lysine N-Methyltransferase

[Number-of-references] 50

   

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Their morphology and dimensions correlate to some extent with those of the contained pituitary gland and have, for this reason, attracted the interest of anatomists and radiologists.

With the application of MRI, however, these data are of limited use in the diagnosis of pituitary disorders, although they remain valuable with regard to a microsurgical approach to the hypophysis.

[MeSH-minor] Greece. Humans. Magnetic Resonance Imaging. Mathematics. Models, Anatomic. Pituitary Gland / anatomy & histology

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(PMID = 16425149.001).

[ISSN] 0015-5659

[Journal-full-title] Folia morphologica

[ISO-abbreviation] Folia Morphol. (Warsz)

[Language] eng

[Publication-type] Journal Article

[Publication-country] Poland

   

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[Title] Acromegaly in a patient with normal pituitary gland and somatotropic adenoma located in the sphenoid sinus.

In most cases it is caused by GHRH or rarely GH-secreting neoplasms.

Even rarer are ectopic pituitary adenomas located in the sphenoid sinus or nasopharynx that originate from pituitary remnants in the craniopharyngeal duct.

MRI imaging revealed a slightly asymmetric pituitary gland (14 yen 4 mm) without focal lesions.

After preliminary treatment with a long-acting somatostatin analogue, transsphenoidal pituitary tumour removal was performed.

Histopathological, electron microscopical and immunohistochemical analysis revealed densely granulated somatotropic pituitary adenoma: GH(+), PRL(-), ACTH(-), TSH(-), FSH(-), LH(-), MIB1 < 1%, SSTR3(+) and SSTR5(+).

Post-surgical evaluation showed normal pituitary MRI scans, GH and IGF-1 levels 0.18 mug/l and 140 mg/l, respectively, as well as normal GH suppression with oral glucose.

The careful analysis of possible pituitary embryonic malformations points out their significance for proper localization of extrapituitary adenomas.

[MeSH-major] Acromegaly / etiology. Adenoma / complications. Choristoma / complications. Paranasal Sinus Neoplasms / complications. Pituitary Gland. Pituitary Neoplasms / complications. Sphenoid Sinus

[MeSH-minor] Diagnosis, Differential. Humans. Magnetic Resonance Imaging. Male. Middle Aged

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(PMID = 18777506.001).

[ISSN] 0423-104X

[Journal-full-title] Endokrynologia Polska

[ISO-abbreviation] Endokrynol Pol

[Language] eng

[Publication-type] Case Reports; Journal Article

[Publication-country] Poland

   

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[Title] Effect of starvation on Fos and neuropeptide immunoreactivities in the brain and pituitary gland of Xenopus laevis.

In the neural lobe of the pituitary gland a 22.5% lower optical density of CART-ir was observed.

Our results support the hypothesis that in X. laevis, the Mg plays a pivotal role in feeding-related processes and, moreover, that starvation also has neuropeptide- and brain structure-specific effects in other parts of the brain and in the pituitary gland, suggesting particular roles of these structures and their neuropeptides in physiological adaptation to starvation.

[MeSH-major] Brain / metabolism. Neuropeptides / metabolism. Pituitary Gland / metabolism. Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-fos / metabolism. Starvation / metabolism. Xenopus / physiology

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(PMID = 16483575.001).

[ISSN] 0016-6480

[Journal-full-title] General and comparative endocrinology

[ISO-abbreviation] Gen. Comp. Endocrinol.

[Language] eng

[Publication-type] Journal Article

[Publication-country] United States

[Chemical-registry-number] 0 / Nerve Tissue Proteins; 0 / Neuropeptide Y; 0 / Neuropeptides; 0 / Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-fos; 0 / Urocortins; 0 / cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript protein; 58569-55-4 / Enkephalin, Methionine; 73024-95-0 / enkephalin-Met, Arg(6)-Phe(7)-; 9015-71-8 / Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone

   

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[Title] [Autoimmune hypophysitis--a differential diagnosis to pituitary adenomas].

This case story displays the importance of knowing AH, as it is an important differential diagnosis to pituitary gland adenomas and to diseases in the hypothalamus because it can be treated medically as opposed to surgically.

[MeSH-major] Adenoma / diagnosis. Autoimmune Diseases / diagnosis. Pituitary Diseases / diagnosis. Pituitary Neoplasms / diagnosis

[MeSH-minor] Aged. Diagnosis, Differential. Glucocorticoids / therapeutic use. Humans. Magnetic Resonance Imaging. Male. Prednisolone / therapeutic use

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(PMID = 20403271.001).

[ISSN] 1603-6824

[Journal-full-title] Ugeskrift for laeger

[ISO-abbreviation] Ugeskr. Laeg.

[Language] dan

[Publication-type] Case Reports; English Abstract; Journal Article

[Publication-country] Denmark

[Chemical-registry-number] 0 / Glucocorticoids; 9PHQ9Y1OLM / Prednisolone

   

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[Title] Lymphocytic hypophysitis: disease spectrum and approach to diagnosis and therapy.

Lymphocytic hypophysitis (LYH) is a neuroendocrine disorder characterized by autoimmune inflammation of the pituitary gland with various degrees of pituitary dysfunction.

Coexistence of other autoimmune conditions is reported in 25-50% of cases and pituitary autoantibodies have been detected in up to 70% of biopsy-proven cases.

The clinical presentation varies depending on the pituitary segment that is more severely affected.

Other anterior pituitary hormones can also be affected but posterior pituitary involvement is absent or minimum.

A combination of extensive anterior pituitary involvement and DI characterizes lymphocytic Infudibulopanhypophysitis (LIPH).

The diagnosis can be challenging in many cases, because distinction from pituitary adenomas and other sellar masses is not obvious.

This paper reviews the etiology, epidemiology, clinical and radiological findings, diagnosis and management of LYH.

[MeSH-minor] Autoantibodies / analysis. Autoimmune Diseases. Humans. Inflammation. Magnetic Resonance Imaging. Pituitary Gland / immunology. Pituitary Hormones / deficiency

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(PMID = 16703407.001).

[ISSN] 1386-341X

[Journal-full-title] Pituitary

[ISO-abbreviation] Pituitary

[Language] eng

[Publication-type] Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Review

[Publication-country] United States

[Chemical-registry-number] 0 / Autoantibodies; 0 / Pituitary Hormones

[Number-of-references] 66

   

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We have also determined the effects of per1, per2, and clock mRNA knockdown in the SCN with antisense deoxyoligonucleotides (AS-ODN) on DA release from NDNs.

AS-ODN injections differentially affected DA turnover in the axon terminals of the median eminence (ME), neural lobe (NL) and intermediate lobe (IL) of the pituitary gland, resulting in a significant decrease in DA release in the early subjective night in the ME (TIDA), a significant increase in DA release at the beginning of the day in the IL (PHDA), and no effect in the NL (THDA).

AS-ODN-treatment induced a rhythm of DA concentration in the anterior lobe, with greater DA levels in the middle of the day.

These data suggest that clock gene expression, particularly PER1 and PER2, within NDNs may act to modulate diurnal rhythms of DA release from NDNs in the OVX rat.

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(PMID = 16373438.001).

[ISSN] 0363-6119

[Journal-full-title] American journal of physiology. Regulatory, integrative and comparative physiology

[ISO-abbreviation] Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol.

[Language] ENG

[Grant] United States / NIDDK NIH HHS / DK / DK-43200; United States / NIDDK NIH HHS / DK / R01 DK043200-14; United States / NIDA NIH HHS / DA / DA-19356; United States / NIDDK NIH HHS / DK / R01 DK043200; United States / NIDA NIH HHS / DA / R01 DA019356

[Publication-type] Journal Article; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural

[Publication-country] United States

[Chemical-registry-number] 0 / ARNTL Transcription Factors; 0 / Antisense Elements (Genetics); 0 / Arntl protein, mouse; 0 / Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Transcription Factors; 0 / Cell Cycle Proteins; 0 / Nuclear Proteins; 0 / Per1 protein, mouse; 0 / Per1 protein, rat; 0 / Per2 protein, mouse; 0 / Per2 protein, rat; 0 / Period Circadian Proteins; 0 / RNA, Messenger; 0 / Trans-Activators; 0 / Transcription Factors; 9002-62-4 / Prolactin; EC 2.3.1.48 / CLOCK Proteins; EC 2.3.1.48 / Clock protein, mouse; EC 2.3.1.48 / Clock protein, rat; W980KJ009P / Corticosterone

[Other-IDs] NLM/ NIHMS9192; NLM/ PMC1457054

   

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[Title] Transnasal endoscopic surgery of the pituitary: modifications and results over 10 years.

OBJECTIVE: A 10-year retrospective review of three endoscopic approaches used by the authors for pituitary gland surgery is presented.

METHODS: A chart review and examination of computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging scans of patients who have had endoscopic pituitary surgery by the authors was performed.

We gathered specific details of the operative approach, nasal-sinus anatomy, tumor location, required ancillary nasal procedures, and postoperative complications.

RESULTS: Ninety patients had endoscopic pituitary surgery.

Four patients subsequently had craniotomy to resect suprasellar tumor extension.

One patient required revision endoscopic resection 3 years later for tumor recurrence.

CONCLUSION: The authors have exclusively used endoscopic surgery of pituitary gland tumors for over 10 years.

[MeSH-major] Endoscopy / methods. Pituitary Neoplasms / surgery

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(PMID = 16954981.001).

[ISSN] 0023-852X

[Journal-full-title] The Laryngoscope

[ISO-abbreviation] Laryngoscope

[Language] eng

[Publication-type] Journal Article

[Publication-country] United States

   

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[Title] Pituitary metastases from follicular thyroid carcinoma.

BACKGROUND: Metastatic carcinomas to the pituitary gland are uncommon, occurring in only 1% of the pituitary masses.

They often originate from breast or lung carcinomas and may resemble a nonfunctioning pituitary adenoma both clinically and radiologically.

Here we describe a patient with pituitary metastasis from follicular thyroid carcinoma and discuss the unique features of these lesions.

Pituitary magnetic resonance imaging showed a mass that was hypo-intense in T1-weighted and hyper-intense in T2-weighted-images, located from the sphenoid sinus up to chiasmatic cisterns, raising and deflecting the optic chiasm, down to hypopharynx region, and distorting the cavernous sinuses.

Total thyroidectomy and lymph node dissection was performed with a final histopathological diagnosis of follicular thyroid carcinoma.

CONCLUSIONS: Pituitary metastases from thyroid carcinoma are very uncommon.

As this patient illustrates, they tend to produce symptoms relating to space-occupying expansion in the parasellar region rather than to those due to destruction of the pituitary gland.

Although rare, pituitary metastases caused by thyroid malignancy should be considered in patients with expanding parasellar lesions if they have thyroid cancer or uncharacterized thyroid diseases.

[MeSH-major] Adenocarcinoma, Follicular / secondary. Neoplasm Recurrence, Local / pathology. Pituitary Neoplasms / secondary. Thyroid Neoplasms / pathology

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(PMID = 20604687.001).

[ISSN] 1557-9077

[Journal-full-title] Thyroid : official journal of the American Thyroid Association

[ISO-abbreviation] Thyroid

[Language] eng

[Publication-type] Case Reports; Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

[Publication-country] United States

[Chemical-registry-number] 0 / Iodine Radioisotopes; 9010-34-8 / Thyroglobulin

   

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[Title] Stress-related gene expression in brain and adrenal gland of porcine fetuses and neonates.

Brain, pituitary gland, and adrenal gland were obtained to determine the mRNA levels for corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH), CRH receptor 1 (CRHR1), pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC), ACTH receptor (MC2R), c-jun and c-fos.

It was found that maternal deprivation caused significantly higher transcript levels of c-fos and CRH in brain accompanied by a down-regulation of CRHR1 mRNA and an up-regulation of c-jun in the pituitary gland.

The ACTH treatment of sows significantly increased mRNA expression of c-fos but not of CRH in the fetal brain, and significantly decreased MC2R mRNA expression in the adrenal gland.

However, HPA axis seems not to be fully developed in Day 77-fetuses because fetal pituitary CRHR1 and POMC mRNA expression was low in most of the fetuses.

[MeSH-minor] Adrenocorticotropic Hormone. Animals. Brain / embryology. Brain / growth & development. Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone / genetics. Female. Gene Expression. Genes, fos / genetics. Genes, jun / genetics. Hydrocortisone / physiology. Pituitary Gland / chemistry. Pituitary Gland / embryology. Pituitary Gland / growth & development. Pregnancy. Pro-Opiomelanocortin / genetics. RNA, Messenger / analysis. Receptors, Corticotropin / genetics. Receptors, Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone / genetics. Swine

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(PMID = 15710205.001).

[ISSN] 0093-691X

[Journal-full-title] Theriogenology

[ISO-abbreviation] Theriogenology

[Language] eng

[Publication-type] Journal Article

[Publication-country] United States

[Chemical-registry-number] 0 / CRF receptor type 1; 0 / RNA, Messenger; 0 / Receptors, Corticotropin; 0 / Receptors, Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone; 66796-54-1 / Pro-Opiomelanocortin; 9002-60-2 / Adrenocorticotropic Hormone; 9015-71-8 / Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone; WI4X0X7BPJ / Hydrocortisone

   

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[Title] Changes in gene expression levels of somatolactin in the pituitary and morphology of gill mitochondria-rich cells in Mozambique tilapia after transfer to acidic freshwater (pH 3.5).

We analyzed gene expression of somatolactin (sl), growth hormone (gh) and prolactin (prl), in the pituitary gland and size distribution of mitochondria-rich (MR) cells in the gills after transfer from normal freshwater (FW, pH 7.2) to acidified freshwater (AW, pH 3.5).

[MeSH-major] Fish Proteins / genetics. Fresh Water. Gills / cytology. Glycoproteins / genetics. Mitochondria / metabolism. Pituitary Gland / metabolism. Pituitary Hormones / genetics. Tilapia / metabolism

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[Copyright] Copyright 2010 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

(PMID = 20138176.001).

[ISSN] 1095-6840

[Journal-full-title] General and comparative endocrinology

[ISO-abbreviation] Gen. Comp. Endocrinol.

[Language] eng

[Publication-type] Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

[Publication-country] United States

[Chemical-registry-number] 0 / Fish Proteins; 0 / Glycoproteins; 0 / Pituitary Hormones; 0 / somatolactin protein, fish; 9002-62-4 / Prolactin; 9002-72-6 / Growth Hormone

   

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[Title] The endoscopic diving technique in pituitary and cranial base surgery: technical note.

Likewise, having extended endoscopic endonasal surgery to the entire base of the skull and in particular to the sinus cavity, "diving surgery" has proven to be effective in visualizing and dissecting more extended tumors.

RESULTS: The hydrodissection and continuous flushing of the sellar cavity, together with better control of bleeding, allow the surgeon to perform piecemeal removal of the lesion with direct control of the cleavage plane and tumor residue and avoid blind curettage near the pituitary gland.

This technique is particularly useful in identifying small infiltrations of the cavernous sinus and in checking the integrity of the pituitary stalk when instruments are introduced into the sella.

[MeSH-major] Endoscopy / methods. Pituitary Gland / surgery. Skull Base / surgery

[MeSH-minor] Female. Humans. Male. Pituitary Neoplasms / surgery. Retrospective Studies. Sella Turcica / surgery

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(PMID = 20087108.001).

[ISSN] 1524-4040

[Journal-full-title] Neurosurgery

[ISO-abbreviation] Neurosurgery

[Language] eng

[Publication-type] Journal Article; Technical Report

[Publication-country] United States

   

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The effects of TMG [2-(alpha-d-glucopyranosyl) methyl-2,5,7,8-tetramethylchroman-6-ol], a water-soluble vitamin E derivative, administered after irradiation on the mortality of X-irradiated mice and on the development of tumors in the mammary and pituitary glands in rats were investigated.

When dams of lactating Wister rats were exposed to 1.5 Gy of X rays at day 21 after parturition and were then treated with diethylstilbestrol as a tumor promoter, the incidence of mammary tumors and pituitary tumors was increased compared to that in the nonirradiated control group.

The administration of TMG (600 mg/kg, i.p.) after irradiation significantly reduced the incidence of mammary tumors and pituitary tumors.

The number of rats that were free of both mammary and pituitary gland tumors was enhanced fourfold by TMG.

These results suggest that TMG is effective in preventing radiation-induced bone marrow death in mice and in reducing mammary and pituitary tumors in rats even when it is administered after irradiation.

[MeSH-major] Free Radical Scavengers / administration & dosage. Free Radical Scavengers / pharmacology. Glucosides / administration & dosage. Glucosides / pharmacology. Neoplasms, Radiation-Induced / pathology. Neoplasms, Radiation-Induced / prevention & control

[MeSH-minor] Animals. Bone Marrow / drug effects. Bone Marrow / radiation effects. Breast Neoplasms / pathology. Breast Neoplasms / prevention & control. Mice. Mortality. Pituitary Neoplasms / pathology. Pituitary Neoplasms / prevention & control. Rats. Time Factors. Tocopherols / administration & dosage. Tocopherols / pharmacology. X-Rays / adverse effects

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(PMID = 19772473.001).

[ISSN] 0033-7587

[Journal-full-title] Radiation research

[ISO-abbreviation] Radiat. Res.

[Language] eng

[Publication-type] Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

[Publication-country] United States

[Chemical-registry-number] 0 / Free Radical Scavengers; 0 / Glucosides; 0 / tocopherol monoglucoside; 1406-66-2 / Tocopherols

   

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In the pituitary gland, it stimulates the secretion of the following hormones: prolactin (PRL), luteinizing hormone (LH), and growth hormone (GH) In the testes, it is present in Leydig cells and is involved in testosterone and progesterone release.

Thus, a hypothalamus-pituitary-gonads pathway, in which d-Asp is involved, has been formulated.

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(PMID = 17118457.001).

[ISSN] 0165-0173

[Journal-full-title] Brain research reviews

[ISO-abbreviation] Brain Res Rev

[Language] eng

[Publication-type] Journal Article; Review

[Publication-country] Netherlands

[Chemical-registry-number] 4SR0Q8YD1X / D-Aspartic Acid; 6384-92-5 / N-Methylaspartate

[Number-of-references] 110

   

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BACKGROUND: Acromegaly is due to growth hormone (GH) hypersecretion by a benign pituitary tumor (adenoma).

Treatments include surgical removal of the adenoma (often incomplete when the tumor is large and/or invasive), radiotherapy of the pituitary region (sometimes effective only after > 10 years, and potentially causing cerebrovascular disease), and medical therapy.

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(PMID = 18537521.001).

[ISSN] 1744-7623

[Journal-full-title] Expert opinion on emerging drugs

[ISO-abbreviation] Expert Opin Emerg Drugs

[Language] eng

[Publication-type] Journal Article; Review

[Publication-country] England

[Chemical-registry-number] 0 / Peptides, Cyclic; 0 / pegvisomant; 118992-92-0 / lanreotide; 12629-01-5 / Human Growth Hormone; 51110-01-1 / Somatostatin; RWM8CCW8GP / Octreotide

[Number-of-references] 156

   

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[Title] [Molecular aspects of pituitary tumors].

Pituitary adenomas are common benign neoplasms, accounting for approximately 15% of intracranial tumors.

In systematic autopsy, pituitary tumors are found in 25%, of the population, but only one-third of these tumors give rise to clinical manifestations.

Why most of these neoplasms remain undiagnosed and pituitary carcinomas are extremely rare?

The progress in the studies concerning pituitary tumorigenesis is rather slow and, due to several limitations, including the anatomic inaccessibility of human pituitary gland, the lack of functional human cell lines in culture and the discrepancies between human and animal pituitary oncogenesis (in rodents pituitary hyperplasia is a prerequisite for adenoma development).

In humans, the majority of pituitary tumors are monoclonal in origin and derived from single mutated pituicyte, rarely hyperplasia is a prerequisite for adenoma formation.

As in the case of other tumors, activating mutations in oncogenes (GNAS1, PTTG) and inactivating mutations in tumor suppressor genes (MEN1, CNC1) lead to pituitary tumors development.

However, mutations in classic oncogenes are very rarely associated with these tumors.

FGF, EGF, TGF) is postulated and partially proved in promotion of pituitary tumorigenesis.

Further studies are required to determine which of these events are truly primary changes in pituitary tumorigenesis, what may allow development of gene therapy.

[MeSH-major] Pituitary Neoplasms / diagnosis. Pituitary Neoplasms / genetics

[MeSH-minor] Animals. Chromogranins. Cyclic AMP-Dependent Protein Kinase RIalpha Subunit. Cyclic AMP-Dependent Protein Kinases. GTP-Binding Protein alpha Subunits, Gs. Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic / genetics. Genes, Tumor Suppressor / physiology. Humans. Neoplasm Proteins. Proteins. Proto-Oncogene Proteins. Securin

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(PMID = 16350728.001).

[ISSN] 0423-104X

[Journal-full-title] Endokrynologia Polska

[ISO-abbreviation] Endokrynol Pol

[Language] pol

[Publication-type] Journal Article; Review

[Publication-country] Poland

[Chemical-registry-number] 0 / Chromogranins; 0 / Cyclic AMP-Dependent Protein Kinase RIalpha Subunit; 0 / MEN1 protein, human; 0 / Neoplasm Proteins; 0 / PRKAR1A protein, human; 0 / Proteins; 0 / Proto-Oncogene Proteins; 0 / Securin; 0 / pituitary tumor-transforming protein 1, human; EC 2.7.11.11 / Cyclic AMP-Dependent Protein Kinases; EC 3.6.1.- / GNAS protein, human; EC 3.6.5.1 / GTP-Binding Protein alpha Subunits, Gs

[Number-of-references] 40

   

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[Title] Stereotactic radiosurgery for pituitary metastases.

BACKGROUND: We evaluated the role of Gamma Knife SRS in the multidisciplinary management of metastatic cancer to the pituitary gland.

METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed records of 18 consecutive pituitary metastasis patients who underwent Gamma Knife SRS during a 21-year experience.

There were 5 patients who had initial surgical resection of their pituitary metastasis, 5 who had fractionated radiation, and 7 who had CT before SRS.

Three (16.7%) patients developed new neurological deficits due to tumor progression despite SRS.

CONCLUSION: Development of a pituitary metastasis is an ominous finding in the context of systemic cancer.

Stereotactic radiosurgery is an effective palliative approach for most patients with pituitary metastasis.

[MeSH-major] Palliative Care. Pituitary Neoplasms / secondary. Pituitary Neoplasms / surgery. Radiosurgery

[MeSH-minor] Adult. Age Factors. Aged. Aged, 80 and over. Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung / secondary. Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung / surgery. Diabetes Insipidus / etiology. Disease Progression. Disease-Free Survival. Female. Gamma Rays. Humans. Kaplan-Meier Estimate. Karnofsky Performance Status. Lung Neoplasms / pathology. Magnetic Resonance Imaging. Male. Middle Aged. Predictive Value of Tests. Prognosis. Retrospective Studies. Risk Factors. Treatment Outcome

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(PMID = 18786712.001).

[ISSN] 1879-3339

[Journal-full-title] Surgical neurology

[ISO-abbreviation] Surg Neurol

[Language] eng

[Publication-type] Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

[Publication-country] United States

   

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MRI and SPECT revealed damage to the hypothalamic and pituitary gland.

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(PMID = 18827408.001).

[ISSN] 1348-4540

[Journal-full-title] Endocrine journal

[ISO-abbreviation] Endocr. J.

[Language] eng

[Publication-type] Case Reports; Journal Article

[Publication-country] Japan

[Chemical-registry-number] 12629-01-5 / Human Growth Hormone

   

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The proliferation of pituitary somatotroph cells and the synthesis and secretion of GH require the hypothalamic peptide GH-releasing hormone (GHRH).

Accordingly, we have shown that mice with targeted disruption [knockout (KO)] of the GHRH gene (GHRHKO) have isolated GH deficiency (GHD) and anterior pituitary hypoplasia.

At both ages JI-38 caused growth acceleration, increase in size of the pituitary gland, increase in pituitary GH mRNA and GH protein levels and serum GH, and significant increase in liver IGF-I mRNA, although none of these parameters was fully normalized.

Our findings demonstrate that GHD and pituitary hypoplasia in GHRHKO mice may be partially reversed by long-term treatment with a GHRH analog, and that somatotroph cells maintain responsiveness to GHRH even if this factor is absent during intrauterine development.

[MeSH-minor] Animals. Body Size. Body Weight. Crosses, Genetic. Female. Genotype. Insulin-Like Growth Factor I / metabolism. Liver / metabolism. Male. Mice. Mice, Knockout. Pituitary Gland / metabolism. RNA, Messenger / metabolism. Time Factors

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(PMID = 15564325.001).

[ISSN] 0013-7227

[Journal-full-title] Endocrinology

[ISO-abbreviation] Endocrinology

[Language] eng

[Grant] United States / NICHD NIH HHS / HD / R03-HD-042465-01; United States / NICHD NIH HHS / HD / R03-HD-046641-01

[Publication-type] Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.

[Publication-country] United States

[Chemical-registry-number] 0 / RNA, Messenger; 67763-96-6 / Insulin-Like Growth Factor I; 9002-72-6 / Growth Hormone; 9034-39-3 / Growth Hormone-Releasing Hormone