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Epithelial cells of the thymus cortex express a unique proteasome particle involved in positive T cell selection.

We synthesized fluorescent epoxomicin probes that were used in a chemical proteomics approach, entailing activity-based profiling, affinity purification, and LC-MS identification, to demonstrate that the beta5t subunit is catalytically active in the murine thymus.

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[Copyright] Copyright (c) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

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(PMID = 20797608.001).

[ISSN] 1879-1301

[Journal-full-title] Chemistry & biology

[ISO-abbreviation] Chem. Biol.

[Language] ENG

[Grant] United States / NCI NIH HHS / CA / R01 CA124634; United States / NCI NIH HHS / CA / CA124634-03; United States / NCI NIH HHS / CA / CA124634-02; United States / NCI NIH HHS / CA / R01 CA124634-02; United States / NCI NIH HHS / CA / 5R01CA124634; United States / NCI NIH HHS / CA / P30 CA023108; United States / NCI NIH HHS / CA / R01 CA124634-01A1; United States / NCI NIH HHS / CA / CA124634-01A1; United States / NCI NIH HHS / CA / R01 CA124634-03

[Publication-type] Journal Article; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

[Publication-country] United States

[Chemical-registry-number] 0 / Protein Subunits; EC 3.4.25.1 / Proteasome Endopeptidase Complex

[Other-IDs] NLM/ NIHMS268419; NLM/ PMC3039300

   

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In particular, we review the role of the thymus in therapies targeted at the peripheral immune system; the importance of the thymus in tolerance induced by anti-CD45RB suggests that central tolerance mechanisms may be more important than previously appreciated.

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(PMID = 17725502.001).

[ISSN] 1040-8401

[Journal-full-title] Critical reviews in immunology

[ISO-abbreviation] Crit. Rev. Immunol.

[Language] eng

[Publication-type] Journal Article; Review

[Publication-country] United States

[Chemical-registry-number] 0 / Antibodies

[Number-of-references] 448

   

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In contrast, only a single site for T cell differentiation has occurred, exclusively the thymus.

According to our model, T cells were the first lymphocytes to acquire variable-diversity-joining-type receptors, and the thymus was the first lymphoid organ to evolve in vertebrates to deal with potentially autoreactive, somatically diversified T cell receptors.

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(PMID = 17242686.001).

[ISSN] 1529-2908

[Journal-full-title] Nature immunology

[ISO-abbreviation] Nat. Immunol.

[Language] eng

[Publication-type] Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Review

[Publication-country] United States

[Chemical-registry-number] 0 / Receptors, Antigen; EC 2.7.7.- / VDJ Recombinases

[Number-of-references] 48

   

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METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: We report that expression of functionally glycosylated alpha-DG during thymic development is tightly regulated in developing T cells and largely confined to CD4(-)CD8(-) double negative (DN) thymocytes.

Ablation of DG in T cells had no effect on proliferation, migration or effector function but did reduce the size of the thymus due to a significant loss in absolute numbers of thymocytes.

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(PMID = 20369005.001).

[ISSN] 1932-6203

[Journal-full-title] PloS one

[ISO-abbreviation] PLoS ONE

[Language] ENG

[Grant] United States / NINDS NIH HHS / NS / NS041219; United States / NIAID NIH HHS / AI / R21 AI055540; United States / NIAID NIH HHS / AI / R01 AI045927; United States / NINDS NIH HHS / NS / U54 NS053672; United States / NIAID NIH HHS / AI / R01 AI055540; United States / NIAID NIH HHS / AI / AI055540; United States / Howard Hughes Medical Institute / / ; United States / NIAID NIH HHS / AI / R01 AI009484; United States / NIAID NIH HHS / AI / AI074564; United States / NINDS NIH HHS / NS / NS053672; United States / NIAID NIH HHS / AI / AI009484; United States / NINDS NIH HHS / NS / T32 NS041219; United States / NIAID NIH HHS / AI / U01 AI074564; United States / NIAID NIH HHS / AI / AI045927

[Publication-type] Journal Article; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.

[Publication-country] United States

[Chemical-registry-number] 0 / Actins; 146888-27-9 / Dystroglycans

[Other-IDs] NLM/ PMC2848029

   

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Degeneration of the thymus and severe contraction of the T cell repertoire with aging suggest that immune homeostasis in old age could be mediated by distinct effectors.

Monitoring of T cells driven to senescence showed de novo induction of CD56, the prototypic receptor of NK cells.

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(PMID = 18209097.001).

[ISSN] 0022-1767

[Journal-full-title] Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950)

[ISO-abbreviation] J. Immunol.

[Language] ENG

[Grant] United States / NIA NIH HHS / AG / AG022379-06; United States / NIA NIH HHS / AG / R01 AG022379; United States / NIA NIH HHS / AG / P30 AG024827; United States / NCI NIH HHS / CA / P20CA103730; United States / NIA NIH HHS / AG / R01 AG022379-06; United States / NIA NIH HHS / AG / R01AG022379; United States / NIA NIH HHS / AG / T35-AG026778; United States / NIA NIH HHS / AG / P30AG024827; United States / NCRR NIH HHS / RR / C06-RR14489; United States / NIA NIH HHS / AG / R01AG023629

[Publication-type] Journal Article; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural

[Publication-country] United States

[Chemical-registry-number] 0 / Antigens, CD56; 0 / Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p16; 0 / NF-kappa B; 0 / Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2; 0 / Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell; 0 / Tumor Suppressor Protein p53

   

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Humoral responses against thymus-dependent (TD) antigens are characterized by Ig class switch, somatic hypermutations (SHM) and generation of memory.

Some thymus-independent (TI) antigens, such as native dextran B512 (Dx) can also induce formation of GCs, but the responses do not undergo substantial affinity maturation or induction of memory.

[MeSH-minor] Animals. Antibody Formation. Female. Mice. Mice, Inbred C57BL. Mice, Nude. Plasma Cells / immunology. Plasma Cells / metabolism. Thymus Gland / immunology. Thymus Gland / metabolism

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(PMID = 17850884.001).

[ISSN] 0165-2478

[Journal-full-title] Immunology letters

[ISO-abbreviation] Immunol. Lett.

[Language] eng

[Publication-type] Journal Article

[Publication-country] Netherlands

[Chemical-registry-number] 0 / Antigens, T-Independent; 0 / Prdm1 protein, mouse; 0 / Repressor Proteins; 0 / Transcription Factors

   

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Both pathogenic and protective T-cell clones recognizing the B:9-23 peptide have been produced.

Disease progression is heterogeneous and is modified by a series of genetic factors including heterozygosity (H-2(g7)/H-2(q)) versus homozygosity for H-2(g7), the presence of additional T-/B-cell receptor-rearranged genes (RAG(+) versus RAG(-/-)), and the insulin 2 gene knockout (the insulin gene expressed in the NOD thymus).

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(PMID = 16804066.001).

[ISSN] 0012-1797

[Journal-full-title] Diabetes

[ISO-abbreviation] Diabetes

[Language] eng

[Grant] United States / NIAID NIH HHS / AI / AI50864; United States / NIDDK NIH HHS / DK / DK064605; United States / NIDDK NIH HHS / DK / DK32083; United States / NIDDK NIH HHS / DK / DK55969; United States / NIDDK NIH HHS / DK / DK62718; United States / NIDDK NIH HHS / DK / P30 DK57516

[Publication-type] Journal Article; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

[Publication-country] United States

[Chemical-registry-number] 0 / Insulin; 0 / Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell; 82115-62-6 / Interferon-gamma

   

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The predictability of Kpu values using mechanistically derived equations has been investigated for 7 very weak bases, 20 acids, 4 neutral drugs and 8 zwitterions in rat adipose, bone, brain, gut, heart, kidney, liver, lung, muscle, pancreas, skin, spleen and thymus.

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[Copyright] (c) 2006 Wiley-Liss, Inc. and the American Pharmacists Association

[ErratumIn] J Pharm Sci. 2007 Nov;96(11):3153-4

(PMID = 16639716.001).

[ISSN] 0022-3549

[Journal-full-title] Journal of pharmaceutical sciences

[ISO-abbreviation] J Pharm Sci

[Language] eng

[Publication-type] Comparative Study; Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

[Publication-country] United States

[Chemical-registry-number] 0 / Blood Proteins; 0 / Octanols; 0 / Phospholipids; 059QF0KO0R / Water

   

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In the bone marrow the most important elements of the niche appear to be osteoblasts, whilst a less defined population of fibroblasts regulates the maturation of immature T cells in the thymus.

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(PMID = 16364518.001).

[ISSN] 0268-960X

[Journal-full-title] Blood reviews

[ISO-abbreviation] Blood Rev.

[Language] eng

[Publication-type] Journal Article; Review

[Publication-country] Scotland

[Chemical-registry-number] 0 / Chemokines; 0 / Cytokines

[Number-of-references] 121

   

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A 17-month-old girl was admitted with dyspnoea and a distended and painful abdomen, due to infiltration of leukemic white blood cells in the thymus and organomegaly based on T-cell acute lymphatic leukemia.

[MeSH-major] Kidney / pathology. Leukemic Infiltration / complications. Precursor T-Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma / diagnosis. Spleen / pathology

[MeSH-minor] Abdominal Pain / etiology. Abdominal Pain / radiography. Diagnosis, Differential. Fatal Outcome. Female. Humans. Infant. Radiography, Thoracic

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(PMID = 19490715.001).

[ISSN] 0028-2162

[Journal-full-title] Nederlands tijdschrift voor geneeskunde

[ISO-abbreviation] Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd

[Language] dut

[Publication-type] Case Reports; English Abstract; Journal Article

[Publication-country] Netherlands

   

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[Title] Detection of apoptotic cell death in the thymus of dexamethasone treated rats using [123I]annexin V and in situ oligonucleotide ligation.

In the present study we aimed to establish an animal model of dexamethasone (DEX)-induced apoptosis in the thymus of rats.

ISOL demonstrated a 62- and 90-fold increase of apoptotic index at 6 and 11 h after DEX administration respectively, in the outer part of the thymic lobule (cortex) and a 25- and 54-fold increases in the inner part of the thymic lobule (medulla) in the corresponding treatment groups.

In the biodistribution study, [(123)I]Annexin V uptake was significantly increased in the thymus of rats 11 h after DEX administration (by 1.3- to 1.4-fold) and significantly decreased at the 6-h time point.

[MeSH-major] Annexin A5 / analysis. Annexin A5 / metabolism. Apoptosis. Dexamethasone / pharmacology. Genetic Techniques. Thymus Gland / cytology. Thymus Gland / drug effects

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(PMID = 17605081.001).

[ISSN] 1567-2379

[Journal-full-title] Journal of molecular histology

[ISO-abbreviation] J. Mol. Histol.

[Language] eng

[Publication-type] Journal Article

[Publication-country] Netherlands

[Chemical-registry-number] 0 / Annexin A5; 0 / Iodine Radioisotopes; 0 / Oligonucleotides; 7S5I7G3JQL / Dexamethasone

   

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[Title] Ectopic GC in the thymus of myasthenia gravis patients show characteristics of normal GC.

Young patients with myasthenia gravis (MG) frequently have ectopic GC in their thymus.

[MeSH-major] B-Lymphocytes / pathology. Choristoma / pathology. Germinal Center / pathology. Myasthenia Gravis / pathology. Thymus Gland / pathology

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(PMID = 20104489.001).

[ISSN] 1521-4141

[Journal-full-title] European journal of immunology

[ISO-abbreviation] Eur. J. Immunol.

[Language] eng

[Publication-type] Comparative Study; Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

[Publication-country] Germany

   

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[Title] The B lineage potential of thymus settling progenitors is critically dependent on mouse age.

The nature and lineage potential, particularly that for B cells, of thymus settling progenitors (TSP) in the adult mouse has been the subject of considerable debate.

Lack of B cell potential would suggest pre-thymic, whereas its presence would suggest intra-thymic loss of B cell potential.

Using limiting dilution analysis (LDA) in vitro and transfer experiments in vivo, we show that the B cell potential of TSP is critically dependent on mouse age, reaching a maximum of about 1 in 20 cells at birth, decreasing 50-fold in adult mice.

Furthermore, using LDA, we show that Notch ligand signaling of TSP results in the loss of B cell potential with a half-life of approximately 12 h.

Taken together, these results indicate that loss of B cell potential by TSP is an intra-thymic event and highlight the developmental pressure acting on the immune system to rapidly colonize primary lymphoid organs with functional progenitors.

[MeSH-major] Aging / immunology. B-Lymphocyte Subsets / immunology. Cell Lineage / immunology. Cell Movement / immunology. Hematopoietic Stem Cells / immunology. Thymus Gland / immunology

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(PMID = 17295389.001).

[ISSN] 0014-2980

[Journal-full-title] European journal of immunology

[ISO-abbreviation] Eur. J. Immunol.

[Language] eng

[Publication-type] Comparative Study; Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

[Publication-country] Germany

   

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The interaction of native calf thymus DNA with the Pd(II) complex, PdCl2(LL) (LL = chelating diamine ligand: N,N-dimethyltrimethylenediamine), in 10 mM Hepes aqueous solutions at neutral pH has been monitored as a function of metal complex/DNA molar ratio by UV absorption spectrophotometry, circular dichroism (CD), viscosimetry, and fluorescence spectroscopy.

In particular, this complex showed absorption hypochromism and then hyperchromism, increase in melting temperature, and some structural changes in specific viscosity when bound to calf thymus DNA.

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(PMID = 18774940.001).

[ISSN] 0006-2979

[Journal-full-title] Biochemistry. Biokhimii︠a︡

[ISO-abbreviation] Biochemistry Mosc.

[Language] eng

[Publication-type] Journal Article

[Publication-country] United States

[Chemical-registry-number] 0 / Diamines; 0 / Ligands; 5TWQ1V240M / Palladium; 9007-49-2 / DNA; N9214IR8N7 / palladium chloride

   

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Patent foramen ovale and thymus hyperplasia were detected on echocardiographic examination.

Thorax computerized tomography (CT) revealed tracheal compression of more than 50% at innominate artery level and aberrant position of the hyperplastic thymus.

[MeSH-major] Brachiocephalic Trunk / abnormalities. Thymus Gland / abnormalities. Tracheal Diseases / etiology

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(PMID = 16562796.001).

[ISSN] 0041-4301

[Journal-full-title] The Turkish journal of pediatrics

[ISO-abbreviation] Turk. J. Pediatr.

[Language] eng

[Publication-type] Journal Article

[Publication-country] Turkey

   

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[Title] Long-term tolerance to allogeneic thymus transplants in complete DiGeorge anomaly.

Thymus transplantation in subjects with complete DiGeorge anomaly using postnatal allogeneic HLA-nonmatched cultured thymus tissue provides immunoreconstitution.

Tolerance of the newly developed T cells toward the donor thymus has not previously been studied.

Mixed lymphocyte cultures were used to test 12 thymus transplant recipients for long-term tolerance toward their thymus allografts.

Two subjects tested for responses toward thymus donor peripheral blood mononuclear cells showed significantly less reactivity toward the donors compared to responses against third-party allogeneic cells.

Peripheral blood mononuclear cells from 10 other subjects were less responsive toward cryopreserved donor thymic cells than toward allogeneic cells (P=0.00007).

Adult control peripheral blood mononuclear cells proliferated strongly in response to the donor thymic cells.

This study provides in vitro evidence for long-term tolerance of complete DiGeorge anomaly thymus transplantation recipients toward their HLA-nonmatched thymus grafts.

[MeSH-major] DiGeorge Syndrome / immunology. DiGeorge Syndrome / surgery. Thymus Gland / immunology. Thymus Gland / transplantation. Transplantation Tolerance / immunology

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(PMID = 18155964.001).

[ISSN] 1521-6616

[Journal-full-title] Clinical immunology (Orlando, Fla.)

[ISO-abbreviation] Clin. Immunol.

[Language] eng

[Grant] United States / NIAID NIH HHS / AI / R01 AI047040; United States / NCRR NIH HHS / RR / M01 RR000030-440796; United States / NIAID NIH HHS / AI / R01 AI047040-03; United States / NCRR NIH HHS / RR / M01 RR000030-430753; United States / NIAID NIH HHS / AI / T32 AI007062; United States / NIAID NIH HHS / AI / R01 AI047040-08; United States / NCRR NIH HHS / RR / UL1 RR024128-01; United States / NIAID NIH HHS / AI / R01 AI047040-06; United States / NIAID NIH HHS / AI / R21 AI060967-01; United States / NIAID NIH HHS / AI / R01 AI047040-04; United States / NIAID NIH HHS / AI / R01 AI047040-09; United States / NCRR NIH HHS / RR / M01 RR000030-360558; United States / NIAID NIH HHS / AI / R01 AI047040-10; United States / NCRR NIH HHS / RR / UL1 RR024128; United States / NIAID NIH HHS / AI / R01 AI047040-05; United States / NCRR NIH HHS / RR / M01 RR000030; United States / NIAID NIH HHS / AI / R01 AI 47040; United States / NIAID NIH HHS / AI / R01 AI047040-02; United States / NICHD NIH HHS / HD / K12 HD043494; United States / NIAID NIH HHS / AI / T32 AI 007062-28A2; United States / NCRR NIH HHS / RR / U54 RR 023469; United States / NIAID NIH HHS / AI / R01 AI047040-07; United States / NIAID NIH HHS / AI / R21 AI060967; United States / NIAID NIH HHS / AI / T32 AI007062-28A2; United States / NIAID NIH HHS / AI / R01 AI047040-01; United States / NIAID NIH HHS / AI / R21 AI060967-02

[Publication-type] Clinical Trial; Journal Article; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.

[Publication-country] United States

[Other-IDs] NLM/ NIHMS45228; NLM/ PMC2562745

   

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[Title] Fusion-induced apoptosis contributes to thymocyte depletion by a pathogenic human immunodeficiency virus type 1 envelope in the human thymus.

Of particular importance is how CD4(+) T cells are depleted within the lymphoid organs, including the lymph nodes and thymus.

Herein we characterize the pathogenic mechanisms of an envelope from a rapid progressor (R3A Env) in the NL4-3 backbone (NL4-R3A) which is able to efficiently replicate and deplete CD4(+) thymocytes in the human fetal-thymus organ culture (HF-TOC).

Together, our data support a model whereby pathogenic envelope-dependent fusion contributes to thymocyte depletion in HIV-1-infected thymus, correlated with induction of apoptosis in both p24(+) and p24(-) thymocytes.

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(PMID = 16956934.001).

[ISSN] 0022-538X

[Journal-full-title] Journal of virology

[ISO-abbreviation] J. Virol.

[Language] ENG

[Grant] United States / NIAID NIH HHS / AI / R21 AI053804; United States / NIAID NIH HHS / AI / AI041356; United States / NIAID NIH HHS / AI / T32 AI007419; United States / NIAID NIH HHS / AI / T32-AI07419; United States / NIAID NIH HHS / AI / R01 AI041356; United States / NIAID NIH HHS / AI / AI53804

[Publication-type] Journal Article; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural

[Publication-country] United States

[Chemical-registry-number] 0 / Anti-HIV Agents; 0 / Fluorescent Dyes; 0 / HIV Core Protein p24; 0 / HIV Envelope Protein gp41; 0 / Peptide Fragments; 0 / Quinolines; 0 / peptide C34; 0 / sequinavir; 19OWO1T3ZE / enfuvirtide; 7006-34-0 / Asparagine; EC 3.4.22.- / Caspase 3

[Other-IDs] NLM/ PMC1642149

   

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[Title] Ingested Shiga toxin 2 (Stx2) causes histopathological changes in kidney, spleen, and thymus tissues and mortality in mice.

Detailed histopathological evaluation of stained tissues by light microscopy revealed severe histopathological changes in kidneys, spleen, and thymus but not in the pancreas, lymph nodes, heart, lungs, trachea, esophagus, stomach, duodenum, jejunum, ileum, cecum, and colon.

[MeSH-major] Kidney / drug effects. Shiga Toxin 2 / toxicity. Spleen / drug effects. Thymus Gland / drug effects

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(PMID = 20681531.001).

[ISSN] 1520-5118

[Journal-full-title] Journal of agricultural and food chemistry

[ISO-abbreviation] J. Agric. Food Chem.

[Language] eng

[Publication-type] Journal Article

[Publication-country] United States

[Chemical-registry-number] 0 / Shiga Toxin 2

   

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In our previous study of simian-human immunodeficiency virus (SHIV)-infected adult monkeys, immature CD4CD8 double-positive T cells in the thymus and jejunum decreased faster than mature CD4 single-positive T cells.

The infectious viruses were more abundantly detected in the thymus than in other tissues at both 13 and 26 days post-infection (dpi).

However, mature CD4(+) T cells in the thymus declined after 13 dpi and immature CD3(-) CD4 single-positive T cells remained at 26 dpi.

These results suggested that many immature CD4(+) T cells in the thymus of newborns support the production of infectious viruses even after the depletion of mature CD4(+) T cells.

[MeSH-minor] Animals. Animals, Newborn. DNA Primers. Flow Cytometry / veterinary. Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction / veterinary. Thymus Gland / virology. Time Factors. Viremia / genetics. Virus Replication / physiology

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(PMID = 16128924.001).

[ISSN] 0047-2565

[Journal-full-title] Journal of medical primatology

[ISO-abbreviation] J. Med. Primatol.

[Language] eng

[Publication-type] Comparative Study; Journal Article

[Publication-country] Denmark

[Chemical-registry-number] 0 / DNA Primers

   

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[Title] Cutting edge: Thymic NK cells develop independently from T cell precursors.

Although NK cells in the mouse are thought to develop in the bone marrow, a small population of NK cells in the thymus has been shown to derive from a GATA3-dependent pathway.

Characteristically, thymic NK cells express CD127 and few Ly49 molecules and lack CD11b.

Because these NK cells develop in the thymus, the question of their relationship to the T cell lineage has been raised.

Using several different mouse models, we find that unlike T cells, thymic NK cells are not the progeny of Rorc-expressing progenitors and do not express Rag2 or rearrange the TCRγ locus.

We further demonstrate that thymic NK cells develop independently of the Notch signaling pathway, supporting the idea that thymic NK cells represent bona fide NK cells that can develop independently of all T cell precursors.

[MeSH-major] Cell Differentiation / immunology. Cell Lineage / immunology. Hematopoietic Stem Cells / cytology. Killer Cells, Natural / cytology. Thymus Gland / cytology

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(PMID = 20889548.001).

[ISSN] 1550-6606

[Journal-full-title] Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950)

[ISO-abbreviation] J. Immunol.

[Language] eng

[Publication-type] Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

[Publication-country] United States

   

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Here we show that Map3k1(deltaKD) mice had defective germinal center formation and diminished production of antibodies recognizing thymus-dependent antigens.

Our data emphasize that MEKK1 is an essential component of signaling cascades needed for thymus-dependent antigen-induced B cell proliferation and antibody production.

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(PMID = 17143273.001).

[ISSN] 1529-2908

[Journal-full-title] Nature immunology

[ISO-abbreviation] Nat. Immunol.

[Language] eng

[Grant] United States / NIEHS NIH HHS / ES / ES04151; United States / NIEHS NIH HHS / ES / ES06376

[Publication-type] Journal Article; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

[Publication-country] United States

[Chemical-registry-number] 0 / Antigens, CD40; EC 2.7.11.24 / p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; EC 2.7.11.25 / MAP Kinase Kinase Kinase 1; EC 2.7.12.2 / MAP Kinase Kinase 4

   

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The investigation showed that a few typical herpesvirus virions and nucleocapsids were first observed in the spleen, thymus, and bursa of Fabricius (BF), and many nucleocapsids, mature viruses, and viral inclusion bodies could be found in the nucleus and cytoplasm of infected liver, small intestine, spleen, thymus, and BF when the ducks died.

[MeSH-minor] Animals. Bursa of Fabricius / virology. Cell Nucleus / virology. Cytoplasm / virology. Inclusion Bodies, Viral / ultrastructure. Intestines / virology. Liver / virology. Microscopy, Electron, Transmission. Nucleocapsid / ultrastructure. Spleen / virology. Thymus Gland / virology. Virion / ultrastructure

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(PMID = 15839412.001).

[ISSN] 0005-2086

[Journal-full-title] Avian diseases

[ISO-abbreviation] Avian Dis.

[Language] eng

[Publication-type] Comparative Study; Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

[Publication-country] United States

   

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Myasthenia gravis is a rare autoimmune neuromuscular junction disorder mainly caused by antibodies being targeted against the muscle acetylcholine receptors (AChRs).

However, the severe myasthenic cases associated with thymus tumors remain often fatal exception in the management of the disease.

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(PMID = 20345342.001).

[ISSN] 1875-533X

[Journal-full-title] Current medicinal chemistry

[ISO-abbreviation] Curr. Med. Chem.

[Language] eng

[Publication-type] Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Review

[Publication-country] Netherlands

[Chemical-registry-number] 0 / Cholinesterase Inhibitors; 0 / Quaternary Ammonium Compounds; EC 3.1.1.- / Butyrylcholinesterase; EC 3.1.1.7 / Acetylcholinesterase

[Number-of-references] 43

   

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[Title] Declining expression of a single epithelial cell-autonomous gene accelerates age-related thymic involution.

Age-related thymic involution may be triggered by gene expression changes in lymphohematopoietic and/or nonhematopoietic thymic epithelial cells (TECs).

Using our recently generated loxP-floxed-FoxN1(fx) mouse carrying the ubiquitous CreER(T) (uCreER(T)) transgene with a low dose of spontaneous activation, which causes gradual FoxN1 deletion with age, we found that the uCreER(T)-fx/fx mice showed an accelerated age-related thymic involution owing to progressive loss of FoxN1(+) TECs.

The thymic aging phenotypes were clearly observable as early as at 3-6 months of age, resembling the naturally aged (18-22-month-old) murine thymus.

By intrathymically supplying aged wild-type mice with exogenous FoxN1-cDNA, thymic involution and defective peripheral CD4(+) T-cell function could be partially rescued.

The results support the notion that decline of a single epithelial cell-autonomous gene FoxN1 levels with age causes primary deterioration in TECs followed by impairment of the total postnatal thymic microenvironment, and potentially triggers age-related thymic involution in mice.

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(PMID = 20156205.001).

[ISSN] 1474-9726

[Journal-full-title] Aging cell

[ISO-abbreviation] Aging Cell

[Language] ENG

[Grant] United States / NIAID NIH HHS / AI / AI079747-02; United States / NIAID NIH HHS / AI / R01AI081995; United States / NIAID NIH HHS / AI / R21 AI079747; United States / NIAID NIH HHS / AI / R01 AI081995; United States / NIAID NIH HHS / AI / AI081995-01; United States / NIA NIH HHS / AG / R21AG031880; United States / NIAID NIH HHS / AI / R01 AI081995-01; United States / NIAID NIH HHS / AI / R21 AI079747-02; United States / NIA NIH HHS / AG / R21 AG031880; United States / NIAID NIH HHS / AI / R21AI079747

[Publication-type] Journal Article; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural

[Publication-country] England

[Chemical-registry-number] 0 / Forkhead Transcription Factors; 0 / Whn protein

[Other-IDs] NLM/ NIHMS187243; NLM/ PMC2894280

   

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Significant increases in interleukin (IL)-4, IL-13, eotaxin, thymus and activation-regulated chemokine (TARC) and leukotriene B4 (LTB4) in bronchoalveolar lavage fluids and total and OA-specific IgE in sera were also found in the antigen-exposed animals.

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(PMID = 20074456.001).

[ISSN] 0394-6320

[Journal-full-title] International journal of immunopathology and pharmacology

[ISO-abbreviation] Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol

[Language] eng

[Publication-type] Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

[Publication-country] England

[Chemical-registry-number] 0 / Anti-Asthmatic Agents; 0 / Ccl17 protein, mouse; 0 / Chemokine CCL17; 0 / Enzyme Inhibitors; 0 / GGTI-2133; 0 / Imidazoles; 0 / Interleukin-13; 0 / Naphthalenes; 1HGW4DR56D / Leukotriene B4; 207137-56-2 / Interleukin-4; 37341-29-0 / Immunoglobulin E; 9006-59-1 / Ovalbumin; EC 2.5.- / Alkyl and Aryl Transferases; GMW67QNF9C / Leucine

   

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], mandarine (Citrus reticulate Blanco), nutmeg (Myristica fragrans Houtt), cade (Juniperus oxycedrus L.), spearmint (Mentha spicata L.), cumin (Cuminum cyminum L.), and thyme red [Thymus vulgaris (L.)] oils at 30 X 10-3 mg/1 air.

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(PMID = 18330128.001).

[ISSN] 0022-0493

[Journal-full-title] Journal of economic entomology

[ISO-abbreviation] J. Econ. Entomol.

[Language] eng

[Publication-type] Journal Article

[Publication-country] United States

[Chemical-registry-number] 0 / Insecticides; 0 / Oils, Volatile

   

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In addition, S. typhimurium replicated in the thymus and greatly reduced the number of immature CD4(+)CD8(+) thymocytes in a dose- and time-dependent manner.

[MeSH-minor] Animals. CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes / microbiology. CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes / microbiology. Colony Count, Microbial. Female. Gene Deletion. Lymph Nodes / microbiology. Mice. Mice, Inbred BALB C. Spleen / microbiology. Survival Analysis. Thymus Gland / microbiology. Thymus Gland / pathology

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(PMID = 17877733.001).

[ISSN] 0928-8244

[Journal-full-title] FEMS immunology and medical microbiology

[ISO-abbreviation] FEMS Immunol. Med. Microbiol.

[Language] eng

[Publication-type] Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

[Publication-country] England

[Chemical-registry-number] 0 / Bacterial Proteins; 148265-34-3 / pepN protein, Bacteria; EC 3.4.11.- / Aminopeptidases

   

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Surprisingly, genetic deletion of the p110delta and p110gamma catalytic subunits resulted in a dramatic reduction in thymus size, cellularity, and lack of corticomedullary differentiation.

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(PMID = 16304053.001).

[ISSN] 0006-4971

[Journal-full-title] Blood

[ISO-abbreviation] Blood

[Language] ENG

[Grant] United States / NHLBI NIH HHS / HL / HL75805-01A2; United States / PHS HHS / / HLA106107702

[Publication-type] Journal Article; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

[Publication-country] United States

[Chemical-registry-number] 0 / Isoenzymes; EC 2.7.1.- / Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases; EC 2.7.1.137 / Class Ib Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase; EC 2.7.1.137 / Pik3cd protein, mouse; EC 2.7.1.153 / Pik3cg protein, mouse; EC 2.7.11.1 / Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt

[Other-IDs] NLM/ PMC1895732

   

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Double stranded calf thymus deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) was physisorbed onto polypyrrole-polyvinyl sulphonate (PPY-PVS) films electrochemically deposited onto indium-tin-oxide (ITO) coated glass plates.

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(PMID = 16226454.001).

[ISSN] 0956-5663

[Journal-full-title] Biosensors & bioelectronics

[ISO-abbreviation] Biosens Bioelectron

[Language] eng

[Publication-type] Evaluation Studies; Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

[Publication-country] England

[Chemical-registry-number] 0 / Anthracenes; 0 / Chlorophenols; 0 / Coated Materials, Biocompatible; 0 / Membranes, Artificial; 0 / Mutagens; 0 / Polymers; 0 / Polyvinyls; 0 / Pyrroles; 0 / Sulfonic Acids; 26101-52-0 / lyapolate; 30604-81-0 / polypyrrole; 8240818JGU / 2-anthramine; 9007-49-2 / DNA

   

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T-cell receptor excision circle (TREC) assays for the evaluation of thymus activity revealed fewer TRECs in both transplant groups compared with healthy donors (P < .001 and P = .02, respectively) although no difference was observed between patients with or without cGVHD (P = .13).

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(PMID = 15972448.001).

[ISSN] 0006-4971

[Journal-full-title] Blood

[ISO-abbreviation] Blood

[Language] ENG

[Grant] United States / NIAID NIH HHS / AI / AI29530; United States / NHLBI NIH HHS / HL / HL70149

[Publication-type] Journal Article; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.

[Publication-country] United States

[Chemical-registry-number] 0 / DNA-Binding Proteins; 0 / FOXP3 protein, human; 0 / Forkhead Transcription Factors; 0 / Receptors, Interleukin-2

[Other-IDs] NLM/ PMC1895303

   

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Using Western blots to detect PrKX, total protein extracts from eight different adult or fetal human tissues including brain, heart, kidney, liver, lung, pancreas, spleen, and thymus were analyzed.

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(PMID = 15879576.001).

[ISSN] 0022-1554

[Journal-full-title] The journal of histochemistry and cytochemistry : official journal of the Histochemistry Society

[ISO-abbreviation] J. Histochem. Cytochem.

[Language] eng

[Publication-type] Journal Article

[Publication-country] United States

[Chemical-registry-number] EC 2.7.1.- / PRKX protein, human; EC 2.7.11.1 / Protein-Serine-Threonine Kinases; EC 2.7.11.11 / Cyclic AMP-Dependent Protein Kinases

   

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To search for occupational risk factors, we conducted a case-control study in nine European countries of cancers of the small intestine, male gall bladder, thymus, bone, male breast, melanoma of the eye, and mycosis fungoides.

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(PMID = 15737566.001).

[ISSN] 0959-8049

[Journal-full-title] European journal of cancer (Oxford, England : 1990)

[ISO-abbreviation] Eur. J. Cancer

[Language] eng

[Publication-type] Journal Article; Multicenter Study; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

[Publication-country] England

   

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The thymus, spleen, and liver of the pups were examined histologically, and cell surface antigen expression was assessed on postnatal days (PNDs) 1, 14, 25, and 46.

In addition to the expected decrease in thymic weight on PND 1, TCDD caused an increase in splenic weight on PND 14 and in hepatic weight on PNDs 14 and 25.

The apoptotic index was increased and the corticomedullary border poorly defined in thymuses of TCDD-exposed mice on PND 1, but not at later endpoints.

These results suggest that late-gestation thymic architectural changes caused by TCDD resolve shortly after birth: however, abnormalities in other immunologically important areas may appear later in postnatal life.

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(PMID = 18648101.001).

[ISSN] 1533-1601

[Journal-full-title] Toxicologic pathology

[ISO-abbreviation] Toxicol Pathol

[Language] eng

[Grant] United States / PHS HHS / / R21-PAR-03-121

[Publication-type] Journal Article; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural

[Publication-country] United States

[Chemical-registry-number] 0 / Teratogens; DO80M48B6O / Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin

   

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[Title] Tumours and tumour-like conditions of the thymus other than thymoma; a practical approach.

Masses within the thymus and mediastinum are frequently biopsied to establish a diagnosis.

The specimens sent for histopathological analysis are typically small (needle) biopsy specimens on which the pathologist is challenged to provide a classifying diagnosis.

Despite the fact that the pathology of the anterior mediastinum is predominantly centred on the thymus and it thus might be expected that the range of possible diagnoses is limited, the list of disease entities is in fact extensive, encompassing hyperplastic conditions and both benign and malignant neoplasms.

In addition to primary thymic epithelial tumours, a number of less common diseases typical for this location may be encountered, including extragonadal germ cell tumours, lymphomas, soft tissue tumours and a number of conditions which may simulate a tumour, such as cysts and inflammatory conditions.

In this review, the disease entities that may be encountered in biopsy material from anterior mediastinal/thymic processes are discussed and an approach to tackle the differential diagnosis is provided.

[MeSH-major] Thymus Gland / pathology. Thymus Neoplasms / pathology

[MeSH-minor] Diagnosis, Differential. Humans. Thymoma / pathology

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(PMID = 19054157.001).

[ISSN] 1365-2559

[Journal-full-title] Histopathology

[ISO-abbreviation] Histopathology

[Language] eng

[Publication-type] Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Review

[Publication-country] England

[Number-of-references] 176

   

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IFN-γ positively correlated with indicators of iron status, body, and thymus weights (r=0.238-0.472; p<0.05).

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[Copyright] Copyright © 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

(PMID = 20850986.001).

[ISSN] 1096-0023

[Journal-full-title] Cytokine

[ISO-abbreviation] Cytokine

[Language] eng

[Publication-type] Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

[Publication-country] United States

[Chemical-registry-number] 0 / Mitogens; 82115-62-6 / Interferon-gamma; E1UOL152H7 / Iron

   

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Autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome type I (APS I) is a recessive disorder caused by mutations in the autoimmune regulator (AIRE) gene.

AIRE is expressed in medullary epithelial cells where it activates transcription of organ-specific proteins in thymus, thereby regulating autoimmunity.

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(PMID = 20500699.001).

[ISSN] 1365-3083

[Journal-full-title] Scandinavian journal of immunology

[ISO-abbreviation] Scand. J. Immunol.

[Language] eng

[Publication-type] Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

[Publication-country] England

[Chemical-registry-number] 0 / APECED protein; 0 / Autoantibodies; 0 / Transcription Factors

   

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However, despite the severely blunted apoptosis in cells from Casp9(-/-) mice, some organs with copious apoptosis, such as the thymus, appear unaffected.

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(PMID = 19911005.001).

[ISSN] 1476-5403

[Journal-full-title] Cell death and differentiation

[ISO-abbreviation] Cell Death Differ.

[Language] ENG

[Grant] United States / NCI NIH HHS / CA / R01 CA043540; United States / NCI NIH HHS / CA / R01 CA043540-22; United States / NCI NIH HHS / CA / CA43540

[Publication-type] Journal Article; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

[Publication-country] England

[Chemical-registry-number] EC 3.4.22.- / Caspase 9; EC 3.4.22.- / Caspases

[Other-IDs] NLM/ NIHMS251530; NLM/ PMC3005563

   

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In contrast, heme and HO inhibition did not damp luminescence rhythms in thymus and esophagus explants and had only a small effect on PER2::LUC damping in spleen explants, suggesting that heme's effects are tissue-specific.

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(PMID = 19698763.001).

[ISSN] 1873-7544

[Journal-full-title] Neuroscience

[ISO-abbreviation] Neuroscience

[Language] ENG

[Grant] United States / NCI NIH HHS / CA / CA125215-02; United States / NCI NIH HHS / CA / R21 CA125215; United States / NCI NIH HHS / CA / R21 CA125215-02; United States / NCI NIH HHS / CA / R21CA125215

[Publication-type] Journal Article; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.

[Publication-country] United States

[Chemical-registry-number] 0 / Central Nervous System Agents; 0 / Per2 protein, mouse; 0 / Period Circadian Proteins; 0 / Protoporphyrins; 42VZT0U6YR / Heme; 743LRP9S7N / Hemin; 79236-56-9 / N-methylprotoporphyrin IX; EC 1.13.12.- / Luciferases; EC 1.14.99.3 / Heme Oxygenase (Decyclizing)

[Other-IDs] NLM/ NIHMS140736; NLM/ PMC2762007

   

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TBX1 is a principal candidate gene for DiGeorge syndrome, a developmental anomaly that affects the heart, thymus, parathyroid, face, and teeth.

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(PMID = 19233155.001).

[ISSN] 1095-564X

[Journal-full-title] Developmental biology

[ISO-abbreviation] Dev. Biol.

[Language] ENG

[Grant] United States / NIDCR NIH HHS / DE / DE017654-01A1; United States / NIDCR NIH HHS / DE / K08 DE017654; United States / NIDCR NIH HHS / DE / K08 DE017654-01A1; United States / NIDCR NIH HHS / DE / K08-DE017654

[Publication-type] Journal Article; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

[Publication-country] United States

[Chemical-registry-number] 0 / Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing; 0 / Amelogenin; 0 / Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; 0 / Membrane Proteins; 0 / Nerve Tissue Proteins; 0 / Spry2 protein, mouse; 0 / Spry4 protein, mouse; 0 / T-Box Domain Proteins; 0 / Tbx1 protein, mouse; 62031-54-3 / Fibroblast Growth Factors

[Other-IDs] NLM/ NIHMS203203; NLM/ PMC2880856

   

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[Title] Anti-tumour and immuno-modulation effects of triptolide-loaded polymeric micelles.

Triptolide (TP) possesses both anti-tumour and immuno-suppressive activities.

The anti-tumour and immuno-modulation effects of TP-PM were evaluated in sarcoma 180-bearing mice and A2780 cells.

TP-PM could significantly inhibit tumour growth via intravenous injections at the dose levels of 0.0375, 0.075 and 0.15 mg/kg, and their inhibition rates were 42.5%, 46.0% and 49.9%, respectively; they showed similar cytotoxicity against A2780 cells compared to that of TP.

Simultaneously, TP-PM had no effect on the thymus index, spleen index, spleen lymphocyte proliferation and the TNF-alpha and IL-2 levels in serum as compared with TP.

Therefore, TP encapsulated in polymeric micelles does not demonstrate immuno-suppressive activity but does not lose its anti-tumour effect.

[MeSH-minor] Animals. Cell Line, Tumor. Cell Survival / drug effects. Chemistry, Pharmaceutical. Dose-Response Relationship, Drug. Drug Compounding. Drug Stability. Epoxy Compounds / administration & dosage. Epoxy Compounds / chemistry. Epoxy Compounds / pharmacology. Female. Humans. Injections, Intravenous. Male. Mice. Particle Size. Solubility. Technology, Pharmaceutical / methods. Time Factors

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(PMID = 18761405.001).

[ISSN] 0939-6411

[Journal-full-title] European journal of pharmaceutics and biopharmaceutics : official journal of Arbeitsgemeinschaft für Pharmazeutische Verfahrenstechnik e.V

[ISO-abbreviation] Eur J Pharm Biopharm

[Language] eng

[Publication-type] Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

[Publication-country] Netherlands

[Chemical-registry-number] 0 / Antineoplastic Agents, Alkylating; 0 / Diterpenes; 0 / Drug Carriers; 0 / Epoxy Compounds; 0 / Immunosuppressive Agents; 0 / Micelles; 0 / Phenanthrenes; 0 / Polyesters; 0 / methoxy poly(ethylene glycol)-poly(lactide); 19ALD1S53J / triptolide; 30IQX730WE / Polyethylene Glycols

   

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The mRNA encoding prepro-Melanin concentrating hormone (ppMCH) is mainly expressed in the central nervous system but has also been detected at lower amount in many peripheral tissues including spleen and thymus.

[MeSH-minor] Cells, Cultured. Humans. Interferon-gamma / metabolism. Interleukin-2 / metabolism. Interleukin-2 / pharmacology. Interleukin-4 / metabolism. Peptide Fragments / pharmacology. Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / metabolism

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(PMID = 17537530.001).

[ISSN] 0167-0115

[Journal-full-title] Regulatory peptides

[ISO-abbreviation] Regul. Pept.

[Language] eng

[Publication-type] Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

[Publication-country] Netherlands

[Chemical-registry-number] 0 / Cytokines; 0 / Hypothalamic Hormones; 0 / Interleukin-2; 0 / Melanins; 0 / Peptide Fragments; 0 / Pituitary Hormones; 0 / Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; 0 / melanin-concentrating-hormone precursor (129-145)-glutamyl-isoleucinamide; 207137-56-2 / Interleukin-4; 67382-96-1 / melanin-concentrating hormone; 82115-62-6 / Interferon-gamma

   

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The ConA and LPS-induced lymphocytes proliferation and the production of interleukin-2 (IL-2) secreted by thymus were determined by MTT assay.

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(PMID = 16570809.001).

[ISSN] 1001-5302

[Journal-full-title] Zhongguo Zhong yao za zhi = Zhongguo zhongyao zazhi = China journal of Chinese materia medica

[ISO-abbreviation] Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi

[Language] chi

[Publication-type] English Abstract; Journal Article

[Publication-country] China

[Chemical-registry-number] 0 / Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; 0 / Drug Combinations; 0 / Drugs, Chinese Herbal; 0 / Interleukin-2; 0 / Materia Medica; K7Q1JQR04M / Dinoprostone

   

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Transplantation into different sites has been investigated, among them those that are immuno-logically privileged (e.g., thymus, uterus, brain, anterior eye chamber, and testicle).

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(PMID = 15804947.001).

[ISSN] 0894-1939

[Journal-full-title] Journal of investigative surgery : the official journal of the Academy of Surgical Research

[ISO-abbreviation] J Invest Surg

[Language] eng

[Publication-type] Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

[Publication-country] United States

[Chemical-registry-number] 0 / Blood Glucose

   

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Also obtained were a time course and a radiation dose-rate response for the activation of the immune system as indicated by a significant increase in CD4+ CD8+ T cells in the thymus and CD8+ T cells in the spleen and also by a significant decrease in CD3+ CD45R/B220+ cells and CD45R/B220+ CD40+ cells in the spleen.

[MeSH-major] Adaptation, Physiological / immunology. Disease Susceptibility / immunology. Longevity / immunology. Longevity / radiation effects. Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor / deficiency

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(PMID = 15799698.001).

[ISSN] 0033-7587

[Journal-full-title] Radiation research

[ISO-abbreviation] Radiat. Res.

[Language] eng

[Publication-type] Journal Article

[Publication-country] United States

[Chemical-registry-number] 0 / Antigens, CD95; 0 / Fas protein, mouse; 0 / Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor

   

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[Title] CD1d-independent developmental acquisition of prompt IL-4 gene inducibility in thymus CD161(NK1)-CD44lowCD4+CD8- T cells is associated with complementarity determining region 3-diverse and biased Vbeta2/Vbeta7/Vbeta8/Valpha3.2 T cell receptor usage.

We show in this study that thymus CD161-CD44lowCD4+CD8- T cells promptly produce IL-4 upon TCR stimulation, a response that displays biased Vbeta(2/7/8) and Valpha3.2 TCR usage.

The association of Vbeta family bias and IL-4 inducibility in thymus CD161-CD44lowCD4+CD8- T cells is found for B6, B10, BALB/c, CBA, B10.A(4R), and ICR mouse strains.

The development of thymus CD161-CD44lowCD4+CD8- T cells endowed with IL-4 inducibility and their associated use of Vbeta(2/7/8) are beta2-microglobulin-, CD1d-, and p59fyn-independent.

Thymus CD161-CD44lowCD4+CD8- T cells produce low and no IFN-gamma inducibility in response to TCR stimulation and to IL-12 + IL-18, respectively, and they express diverse complementarity determining region 3 sequences for both TCR-alpha- and -beta-chains.

The more prevalent nature of this unique T cell subset in the thymus than the periphery implies roles it might play in intrathymic T cell development and may provide a framework upon which mechanisms of developmentally regulated IL-4 gene inducibility can be studied.

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(PMID = 16272308.001).

[ISSN] 0022-1767

[Journal-full-title] Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950)

[ISO-abbreviation] J. Immunol.

[Language] eng

[Publication-type] Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

[Publication-country] United States

[Chemical-registry-number] 0 / Antigens, CD1; 0 / Antigens, CD1d; 0 / Antigens, Surface; 0 / Complementarity Determining Regions; 0 / Galactosylceramides; 0 / Interleukins; 0 / Lectins, C-Type; 0 / NK Cell Lectin-Like Receptor Subfamily B; 0 / RNA, Messenger; 0 / Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta; 0 / alpha-galactosylceramide; 207137-56-2 / Interleukin-4; 9007-49-2 / DNA

   

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The deletion of CD4- and CD8-double-positive (DP) cells in the thymus after treatment with anti-CD3 antibodies has long been considered as a useful model for clonal deletion during T cell development, although it was reported that DP cell death was not observed in neonates where self-tolerance should be developing.

Due to the similar susceptibility to the antibody-treatment in vitro between neonatal and adult thymocytes, critical factors may be outside rather than within the thymus.

Indeed, newborn thymus lobes transplanted into recipients of different ages showed an increased susceptibility to the thymo-toxicity as the age of the recipient increased.

Therefore, the thymocyte death by anti-CD3 antibodies in vivo may not be due to the T cellreceptor mediated selection in the thymus.

[MeSH-major] Adrenal Glands / immunology. Antibodies / immunology. Antigens, CD3 / immunology. Apoptosis / immunology. T-Lymphocytes / immunology. Thymus Gland / immunology

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(PMID = 17310093.001).

[ISSN] 0385-5600

[Journal-full-title] Microbiology and immunology

[ISO-abbreviation] Microbiol. Immunol.

[Language] eng

[Publication-type] Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

[Publication-country] Japan

[Chemical-registry-number] 0 / Antibodies; 0 / Antigens, CD3; 0 / Antimetabolites; ZS9KD92H6V / Metyrapone

   

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[Title] A thymus-specific noncoding RNA, Thy-ncR1, is a cytoplasmic riboregulator of MFAP4 mRNA in immature T-cell lines.

We investigated the characteristics and function of ncRNAs that were specifically expressed in the thymus, the site of T-cell selection and maturation.

RESULTS: Expression profiling of 10 thymus-specific ncRNAs in 17 T-cell leukemia cell lines derived from various stages of T-cell maturation revealed that HIT14168 ncRNA, named Thy-ncR1, was specifically expressed in cell lines derived from stage III immature T cells in which the neighbouring CD1 gene cluster is also specifically activated.

[MeSH-major] Carrier Proteins / metabolism. Extracellular Matrix Proteins / metabolism. Glycoproteins / metabolism. Precursor Cells, T-Lymphoid / metabolism. RNA, Untranslated / metabolism. Thymus Gland / metabolism

[MeSH-minor] Alternative Splicing. Antigens, CD1 / metabolism. Cell Line, Tumor. Gene Expression Profiling. Gene Knockdown Techniques. Humans. RNA Interference. RNA, Messenger / metabolism. Trans-Activators / metabolism

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(PMID = 21162727.001).

[ISSN] 1471-2199

[Journal-full-title] BMC molecular biology

[ISO-abbreviation] BMC Mol. Biol.

[Language] eng

[Publication-type] Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

[Publication-country] England

[Chemical-registry-number] 0 / Antigens, CD1; 0 / Carrier Proteins; 0 / Extracellular Matrix Proteins; 0 / Glycoproteins; 0 / MFAP4 protein, human; 0 / RNA, Messenger; 0 / RNA, Untranslated; 0 / Trans-Activators; EC 3.6.4.13 / UPF1 protein, human

[Other-IDs] NLM/ PMC3023731

   

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[Title] Rapid method for simultaneous quantitative determination of four major essential oil components from oregano (Oreganumsp.) and thyme (Thymus sp.) using FT-Raman spectroscopy.

[MeSH-major] Oils, Volatile / analysis. Origanum / chemistry. Spectrum Analysis, Raman / methods. Thymus Plant / chemistry

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(PMID = 15656649.001).

[ISSN] 0021-8561

[Journal-full-title] Journal of agricultural and food chemistry

[ISO-abbreviation] J. Agric. Food Chem.

[Language] eng

[Publication-type] Comparative Study; Journal Article

[Publication-country] United States

[Chemical-registry-number] 0 / Oils, Volatile

   

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[Title] Multimodal treatment of sporadic and inherited neuroendocrine tumors of the thymus.

BACKGROUND: Neuroendocrine tumors of the thymus (NETT) are a rare tumor entity of the anterior mediastinum.

They belong to the category of foregut carcinoids and are often associated with the multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN1) syndrome.

All patients underwent tumor resection via sternotomy.

[MeSH-major] Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Type 1 / diagnosis. Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Type 1 / therapy. Neuroendocrine Tumors / diagnosis. Neuroendocrine Tumors / therapy. Thymus Neoplasms / diagnosis. Thymus Neoplasms / therapy

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(PMID = 19081021.001).

[ISSN] 1532-7361

[Journal-full-title] Surgery

[ISO-abbreviation] Surgery

[Language] eng

[Publication-type] Journal Article

[Publication-country] United States

   

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Normal human T, B, and dendritic cells are present in peripheral blood, thymus, spleen, and lymph nodes.

High levels of productive infection occur in the thymus, spleen, and lymph nodes.

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(PMID = 17132723.001).

[ISSN] 0006-4971

[Journal-full-title] Blood

[ISO-abbreviation] Blood

[Language] ENG

[Grant] United States / NIAID NIH HHS / AI / AI/GM 48407; United States / NIAID NIH HHS / AI / AI041356; United States / NCI NIH HHS / CA / CA99939; United States / NIAID NIH HHS / AI / P30 AI50410

[Publication-type] Journal Article; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

[Publication-country] United States

[Chemical-registry-number] 0 / DNA-Binding Proteins; 0 / Rag2 protein, mouse

[Other-IDs] NLM/ PMC1852218

   

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Tolerance to self-antigens is generated through two fundamental mechanisms: (a) elimination of self-reactive cells in the thymus during selection and (b) generation of a variety of peripheral regulatory cells to control self-reactive cells that escape the thymus.

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(PMID = 16551248.001).

[ISSN] 0732-0582

[Journal-full-title] Annual review of immunology

[ISO-abbreviation] Annu. Rev. Immunol.

[Language] eng

[Grant] United States / NIAID NIH HHS / AI / AI059926; United States / NIAID NIH HHS / AI / AI48779; United States / NIDDK NIH HHS / DK / DK068312

[Publication-type] Comparative Study; Journal Article; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Review

[Publication-country] United States

[Chemical-registry-number] 0 / FOXP3 protein, human; 0 / Forkhead Transcription Factors; 0 / Foxp3 protein, mouse; 0 / Protein Isoforms

[Number-of-references] 95

   

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[Title] Local thymic caspase-9 inhibition improves survival during polymicrobial sepsis in mice.

Local injections of Z-LEHD-fmk, a specific caspase-9 inhibitor, into thymi of septic mice led to the complete inhibition of caspase-9, decreased apoptosis of resident tissue cells, and, in addition, reduced further downstream caspase-3 activity.

[MeSH-major] Caspase Inhibitors. Cysteine Proteinase Inhibitors / pharmacology. Sepsis / drug therapy. Sepsis / mortality. Thymus Gland / enzymology

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(PMID = 16453149.001).

[ISSN] 0946-2716

[Journal-full-title] Journal of molecular medicine (Berlin, Germany)

[ISO-abbreviation] J. Mol. Med.

[Language] eng

[Grant] United States / NHLBI NIH HHS / HL / P30 HL-59412; United States / NIGMS NIH HHS / GM / R37 GM-40586

[Publication-type] Journal Article; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural

[Publication-country] Germany

[Chemical-registry-number] 0 / Amino Acid Chloromethyl Ketones; 0 / Caspase Inhibitors; 0 / Cysteine Proteinase Inhibitors; 0 / Cytokines; 0 / Oligopeptides; 0 / benzyloxycarbonyl-leucyl-glutamyl-histidyl-aspartic acid fluoromethyl ketone; 0 / benzyloxycarbonylvalyl-alanyl-aspartyl fluoromethyl ketone; EC 3.4.22.- / Caspase 9