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After rods die, the level of tissue oxygen in the outer retina becomes elevated and there is progressive oxidative damage to cones that ultimately triggers apoptosis.

Apocynin, a blocker of Nox, but not allopurinol, a blocker of xanthine oxidase, markedly reduced the superoxide radicals visualized by hydroethidine in the outer retina in the retinal degeneration-1 (rd1(+/+)) model of RP.

Compared to rd1(+/+) mice treated with vehicle, those treated with apocynin, but not those treated with allopurinol, had significantly less oxidative damage in the retina measured by ELISA for carbonyl adducts.

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(PMID = 19493169.001).

[ISSN] 1471-4159

[Journal-full-title] Journal of neurochemistry

[ISO-abbreviation] J. Neurochem.

[Language] ENG

[Grant] United States / NEI NIH HHS / EY / EY005951-23; United States / NEI NIH HHS / EY / R01 EY005951; United States / NEI NIH HHS / EY / R01 EY005951-23; United States / NEI NIH HHS / EY / R01 EY05951

[Publication-type] Comparative Study; Journal Article; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

[Publication-country] England

[Chemical-registry-number] EC 1.6.3.1 / NADPH Oxidase

[Other-IDs] NLM/ NIHMS170296; NLM/ PMC2833098

   

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[Title] Characterization of early retinal progenitor microenvironment: presence of activities selective for the differentiation of retinal ganglion cells and maintenance of progenitors.

The maintenance and differentiation of retinal progenitors take place in the context of the microenvironment in which they reside at a given time during retinal histogenesis.

To understand the nature of the microenvironment in the developing retina, we have examined the influence of activities present during the early stage of retinal histogenesis on enriched retinal progenitors, using the neurosphere model.

Early and late retinal progenitors, enriched as neurospheres from embryonic day 14 (E14) and E18 rat retina, respectively, were cultured in embryonic day 3 (E3) chick retinal conditioned medium, simulating the microenvironment present during early retinal histogenesis.

Examination of the differentiation and proliferation of retinal progenitors revealed that the early microenvironment contains at least three regulatory activities, which are partitioned in different size fractions of the conditioned medium with different heat sensitivity.

First, it is characterized by activities, present in heat stable <30 kDa fraction, that promote the differentiation of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs), the early born neurons.

Second, it contains activities, present in heat-sensitive >30 kDa fraction, that regulate the number of early born neurons and maintain the pool of retinal progenitors.

Third, it possesses activities, present in heat-sensitive <30 kDa fraction, that prevent the premature differentiation of early retinal progenitors into the late born neurons.

Thus, our observations demonstrate the regulatory influence of microenvironment on the maintenance and differentiation of retinal progenitors and establish neurospheres as a viable model system for the examination of such influences.

[MeSH-major] Retina / embryology. Stem Cells / cytology

[MeSH-minor] Animals. Cell Differentiation. Cell Division. Cells, Cultured. Coculture Techniques. Culture Media, Conditioned. Female. Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental. Immunohistochemistry / methods. Models, Animal. Photoreceptor Cells, Vertebrate / cytology. Rats. Rats, Sprague-Dawley. Retinal Ganglion Cells / cytology. Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction

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(PMID = 17227675.001).

[ISSN] 0014-4835

[Journal-full-title] Experimental eye research

[ISO-abbreviation] Exp. Eye Res.

[Language] eng

[Publication-type] Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

[Publication-country] England

[Chemical-registry-number] 0 / Culture Media, Conditioned

   

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[Title] NAD+-induced vasotoxicity in the pericyte-containing microvasculature of the rat retina: effect of diabetes.

PURPOSE: It was recently proposed that activation of P2X(7) purinoceptors may play a role in causing cell death in the pericyte-containing microvasculature of the diabetic retina.

This hypothesis is supported by the observation that diabetes enhances lethal pore formation in retinal microvessels exposed to synthetic P2X(7) agonists.

METHODS: Pericyte-containing retinal microvessels were isolated from normal and streptozotocin-injected rats.

RESULTS: In freshly isolated retinal microvessels, it was found that extracellular NAD(+), but not its catabolites, caused cell death (half-maximal effective concentration [EC(50)] = 2 nM) by a mechanism involving the activation of P2X(7) purinoceptors and the formation of transmembrane pores.

A series of experiments provided evidence that NAD(+), which is not a direct purinergic agonist, serves as a substrate for ecto-ribosylation reactions that subsequently trigger P2X(7)-dependent cell death in the retinal microvasculature.

Soon after the onset of diabetes, the sensitivity of retinal microvessels to the vasotoxic effect of extracellular NAD(+) increased by approximately 100-fold.

CONCLUSIONS: Purinergic vasotoxicity triggered by extracellular NAD(+) is a newly recognized mechanism that may contribute to the cell death observed in the pericyte-containing microvascular of the diabetic retina.

[MeSH-major] Apoptosis / drug effects. Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental / metabolism. Diabetic Retinopathy / metabolism. NAD / toxicity. Pericytes / drug effects. Retinal Vessels / drug effects

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(PMID = 17065524.001).

[ISSN] 0146-0404

[Journal-full-title] Investigative ophthalmology & visual science

[ISO-abbreviation] Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci.

[Language] eng

[Grant] United States / NEI NIH HHS / EY / EY 07003; United States / NEI NIH HHS / EY / EY 12505

[Publication-type] Journal Article; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

[Publication-country] United States

[Chemical-registry-number] 0 / Benzoxazoles; 0 / Fluorescent Dyes; 0 / P2rx7 protein, rat; 0 / Purinergic P2 Receptor Antagonists; 0 / Quinolinium Compounds; 0 / Receptors, Purinergic P2; 0 / Receptors, Purinergic P2X7; 0U46U6E8UK / NAD; 152068-09-2 / YO-PRO 1; 20762-30-5 / Adenosine Diphosphate Ribose; 38806-39-2 / 1,N(6)-ethenoadenosine diphosphate; 61D2G4IYVH / Adenosine Diphosphate; EC 2.4.2.- / ADP Ribose Transferases

   

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PURPOSE: To determine the influence of eye pigmentation on transscleral retinal delivery of celecoxib.

The animals were euthanatized at the end of 0.25, 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 4, 8, or 12 hours after the drug was administered, and celecoxib levels in ocular tissues (sclera, choroid-RPE, retina, vitreous, lens, and cornea) were estimated with an HPLC assay.

The concentrations of melanin in choroid-RPE, sclera, and retina of BN rats were 200 +/- 30, 12 +/- 4, and 3 +/- 0.2 mug/mg tissue, respectively.

However, the retinal (P = 0.001) and vitreal (P = 0.001) AUCs of celecoxib in the treated eyes were approximately 1.5-fold higher in SD rats than in BN rats.

With celecoxib-poly(lactide) microparticles, choroid-RPE, retina, and vitreous concentrations on day 8 exhibited similar trends in differences between the two strains, with the differences being greater than those recorded for the celecoxib suspension.

CONCLUSIONS: Transscleral retinal and vitreal drug delivery of lipophilic celecoxib is significantly lower in pigmented rats than in albino rats.

The hindrance of retinal and vitreal drug delivery by the choroid-RPE in pigmented rats is also true of sustained-release microparticle systems.

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(PMID = 18172110.001).

[ISSN] 0146-0404

[Journal-full-title] Investigative ophthalmology & visual science

[ISO-abbreviation] Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci.

[Language] ENG

[Grant] United States / NIDDK NIH HHS / DK / R01 DK064172; United States / NEI NIH HHS / EY / R24 EY017045-02; United States / NIDDK NIH HHS / DK / R01 DK064172-02S1; United States / NIDDK NIH HHS / DK / DK 064172; United States / NIDDK NIH HHS / DK / R01 DK064172-03; United States / NEI NIH HHS / EY / R24 EY017045; United States / NEI NIH HHS / EY / EY 017045; United States / NEI NIH HHS / EY / R03 EY013842; United States / NEI NIH HHS / EY / EY 013842

[Publication-type] Comparative Study; Journal Article; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

[Publication-country] United States

[Chemical-registry-number] 0 / Cyclooxygenase 2 Inhibitors; 0 / Drug Carriers; 0 / Melanins; 0 / Polymers; 0 / Pyrazoles; 0 / Sulfonamides; 0 / polylactic acid-polyglycolic acid copolymer; 26009-03-0 / Polyglycolic Acid; 33X04XA5AT / Lactic Acid; JCX84Q7J1L / Celecoxib

[Other-IDs] NLM/ NIHMS367015; NLM/ PMC3324932

   

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The goldfish is one of the few animals exceptionally well analyzed in behavioral experiments and also in electrophysiological and neuroanatomical investigations of the retina.

To get insight into the functional organization of the retina we studied color vision, motion detection and temporal resolution before and after intra-ocular injection of neuropharmaca with known effects on retinal neurons.

[MeSH-major] Goldfish / physiology. Neurotransmitter Agents / pharmacology. Retina / physiology. Vision, Ocular / physiology

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(PMID = 18768148.001).

[ISSN] 1878-5646

[Journal-full-title] Vision research

[ISO-abbreviation] Vision Res.

[Language] eng

[Publication-type] Journal Article

[Publication-country] England

[Chemical-registry-number] 0 / Neurotransmitter Agents; 56-12-2 / gamma-Aminobutyric Acid; N9YNS0M02X / Acetylcholine; TE7660XO1C / Glycine; VTD58H1Z2X / Dopamine

   

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[Title] Ischemic preconditioning alters the pattern of gene expression changes in response to full retinal ischemia.

PURPOSE: Ischemic conditions in the retina have been implicated in several retinopathological conditions.

Experimentally induced ischemia for 60 min followed by reperfusion leads to a loss of neurons in the inner retina.

In contrast, a 5 min ischemic episode triggers a series of alterations that protect the retina against the damaging effects of a subsequent 60 min ischemic insult.

To study the changes altered by IPC, we assessed the gene expression patterns in the rat retina after ischemia (60 min) followed by reperfusion (I/R) and compared these to the gene expression patterns after ischemia/reperfusion in preconditioned animals (IPC-I/R).

Our observations indicate that activation of translational activity may be a mediator of ischemia-associated damage in the retina, and IPC may prevent activation of this mechanism.

[MeSH-major] Gene Expression Regulation. Ischemia / metabolism. Ischemic Preconditioning. Retinal Vessels

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(PMID = 17960128.001).

[ISSN] 1090-0535

[Journal-full-title] Molecular vision

[ISO-abbreviation] Mol. Vis.

[Language] eng

[Publication-type] Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

[Publication-country] United States

[Chemical-registry-number] 9014-25-9 / RNA, Transfer; EC 6.1.1.- / Amino Acyl-tRNA Synthetases

   

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[Title] Longer lasting electroretinographic recordings from the isolated and superfused murine retina.

BACKGROUND: Analysis of retinal signaling in mutant mice has become a powerful tool for studying retinal function and disease.

Previous attempts to record from isolated mouse retina have been limited to short time periods (about 90 min).

We performed a series of recordings from isolated mouse retina under a number of different conditions in order to determine the optimal parameters for this species.

METHODS: We used a superfused vertebrate retina assay, for which the murine retina had to be isolated with specific tools.

RESULTS: To improve the sensitivity and stability of photoreceptor and retinal network responses from the isolated and superfused murine retina, two different nutrient solutions from rat (physiological Ca(2+)) and bovine (reduced Ca(2+) but increased phosphate buffering capacity) were used.

CONCLUSION: In conclusion, the isolated murine retina can be used as a pharmacological testing system, which provides the additional advantage of selective gene inactivation for better understanding of retinal signalling.

[MeSH-major] Electroretinography. Mice. Retina / physiology

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(PMID = 19629513.001).

[ISSN] 1435-702X

[Journal-full-title] Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology = Albrecht von Graefes Archiv fur klinische und experimentelle Ophthalmologie

[ISO-abbreviation] Graefes Arch. Clin. Exp. Ophthalmol.

[Language] eng

[Publication-type] Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

[Publication-country] Germany

[Chemical-registry-number] 0 / Calcium Channel Blockers; 0 / Solutions; 696BNE976J / nickel chloride; 7OV03QG267 / Nickel; S88TT14065 / Oxygen; YO1UK1S598 / Isradipine

   

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[Title] Growth hormone expression and neuroprotective activity in a quail neural retina cell line.

We have previously shown that growth hormone (GH) is produced within cells of the chick embryo retina where it appears to act as an autocrine/paracrine anti-apoptotic factor in the regulation of programmed cell death during retinal development.

These investigations were carried out on cultured chick embryo retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) as well as on the chick embryo retina in ovo, using GH protein knock-down by immunoneutralization.

We have now investigated the putative neuroprotective actions of GH using a quail embryo neural retina cell line (QNR/D) treated with GH siRNA to silence the local synthesis of GH.

We now show that knock-down of GH by gene silencing in cells of this cultured embryonic neural retina cell line, using NR-cGH-1 siRNA, correlates with the increased appearance in the cultures of cells with apoptotic nuclear morphology.

We thus validate, using different technology and a different culture system, our contention that GH, produced locally by cells of the neural retina acts in an autocrine or paracrine manner to regulate cell survival in the retina.

[MeSH-major] Gene Expression Regulation. Growth Hormone / metabolism. Retina / cytology. Retina / metabolism. Retinal Ganglion Cells / metabolism

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(PMID = 19539627.001).

[ISSN] 1095-6840

[Journal-full-title] General and comparative endocrinology

[ISO-abbreviation] Gen. Comp. Endocrinol.

[Language] eng

[Publication-type] Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

[Publication-country] United States

[Chemical-registry-number] 0 / RNA, Small Interfering; 9002-72-6 / Growth Hormone

   

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[Title] The temporal requirement for vitamin A in the developing eye: mechanism of action in optic fissure closure and new roles for the vitamin in regulating cell proliferation and adhesion in the embryonic retina.

The optic fissure does not close in late VAD embryos, and severe folding and collapse of the retina is observed at E18.5.

Surprisingly, ROL given as late as E13.5 completely prevents folding of the retina despite the presence of an open fetal fissure, showing that coloboma and retinal folding represent distinct VAD-dependent defects.

Retinal folding due to VAD is preceded by an overall reduction in the percentage of cyclin D1 positive cells in the developing retina, (initially resulting in retinal thinning), as well as a dramatic reduction in the cell adhesion-related molecules, N-cadherin and beta-catenin.

Reduction of retinal cell number combined with a loss of the normal cell-cell adhesion proteins may contribute to the collapse and folding of the retina that occurs in late VAD fetuses.

[MeSH-major] Retina / cytology. Retina / embryology. Vitamin A / metabolism

[MeSH-minor] Animals. Basement Membrane / drug effects. Basement Membrane / pathology. Cadherins / metabolism. Cell Adhesion / drug effects. Cell Death / drug effects. Cell Differentiation / drug effects. Cell Proliferation / drug effects. Coloboma / complications. Coloboma / embryology. Coloboma / genetics. Cyclin D1 / metabolism. Down-Regulation / drug effects. Embryo, Mammalian / abnormalities. Embryo, Mammalian / drug effects. Fetus / abnormalities. Fetus / drug effects. Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental / drug effects. Homeodomain Proteins / genetics. Homeodomain Proteins / metabolism. RNA, Messenger / genetics. RNA, Messenger / metabolism. Rats. Retinal Ganglion Cells / cytology. Retinal Ganglion Cells / drug effects. Time Factors. Transcription Factors / genetics. Transcription Factors / metabolism. Vitamin A Deficiency / embryology. Vitamin A Deficiency / genetics. beta Catenin / metabolism

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(PMID = 18955041.001).

[ISSN] 1095-564X

[Journal-full-title] Developmental biology

[ISO-abbreviation] Dev. Biol.

[Language] eng

[Publication-type] Journal Article; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.

[Publication-country] United States

[Chemical-registry-number] 0 / Cadherins; 0 / Homeodomain Proteins; 0 / RNA, Messenger; 0 / Transcription Factors; 0 / beta Catenin; 11103-57-4 / Vitamin A; 136601-57-5 / Cyclin D1; 184787-43-7 / homeobox protein PITX2

   

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[Title] Seizure-related gene 6 (Sez-6) in amacrine cells of the rodent retina and the consequence of gene deletion.

BACKGROUND: Seizure-related gene 6 (Sez-6) is expressed in neurons of the mouse brain, retina and spinal cord.

METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: The distribution pattern of Sez-6 in the retina was studied using a polyclonal antibody that detects the multiple isoforms of Sez-6.

Prominent immunostaining was detected in GABAergic, but not in AII glycinergic, amacrine cell subpopulations of the rat and mouse retina.

In order to assess the role of Sez-6 in the retina, we analyzed the morphology of the Sez-6 knockout mouse retina with immunohistochemical markers and compared ganglion cell dendritic arbor patterning in Sez-6 null retinae with controls.

CONCLUSIONS: In summary, we have reported the detailed expression pattern of a novel retinal marker with broad cell specificity, useful for retinal characterization in rodent experimental models.

Retinal morphology, ganglion cell dendritic branching and ERG waveforms appeared normal in the Sez-6 knockout mouse suggesting that, in spite of widespread expression of Sez-6, retinal function in the absence of Sez-6 is not affected.

[MeSH-major] Amacrine Cells / metabolism. Gene Deletion. Nerve Tissue Proteins / genetics. Retina / metabolism

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(PMID = 19662096.001).

[ISSN] 1932-6203

[Journal-full-title] PloS one

[ISO-abbreviation] PLoS ONE

[Language] eng

[Publication-type] Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

[Publication-country] United States

[Chemical-registry-number] 0 / Nerve Tissue Proteins; 0 / Sez-6 protein, rat; 0 / Sez6 protein, mouse

[Other-IDs] NLM/ PMC2718829

   

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[Title] Chx10 is required to block photoreceptor differentiation but is dispensable for progenitor proliferation in the postnatal retina.

In the Chx10-null ocular retardation (or(J)) mouse, retinal progenitor cell (RPC) proliferation is impaired, and bipolar neurons, a late born cell type, fail to differentiate.

In the Chx10 null or(J) retina, only a small fraction of cells expressing mutated Chx10 mRNA were rods, but this fraction increased after p27(Kip1) inactivation, which partially rescues proliferation.

Most significantly, acute Chx10 knockdown in the postnatal retina promoted rods in place of bipolar neurons without affecting division.

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(PMID = 16547132.001).

[ISSN] 0027-8424

[Journal-full-title] Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

[ISO-abbreviation] Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

[Language] eng

[Publication-type] Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

[Publication-country] United States

[Chemical-registry-number] 0 / Homeodomain Proteins; 0 / RNA, Messenger; 0 / Transcription Factors; 0 / Vsx2 protein, mouse

[Other-IDs] NLM/ PMC1458782

   

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In previous experiments, analyzing gene expression in the degenerating rd/rd mouse retina, we have suggested that the gene defect leads to oxidative stress and altered metabolism, which may induce caspase-dependent and caspase-independent cell death mechanisms such as the activation of cystein-proteases, lysosomal proteases, autophagy and complement-mediated lysis.

The presence of the marker genes was verified by laser capture microdissection, and apoptosis (caspase activity) and autophagy (lysozyme and cathepsin activity) were verified in retina extracts.

The temporal pattern of the different pathways suggests that the non-caspase-dependent mechanisms may actively participate in the demise of the photoreceptors, rather than represent a passive response of the retina to the presence of dying cells.

[MeSH-major] Cell Death / physiology. Photoreceptor Cells, Vertebrate / physiology. Retinal Degeneration / physiopathology

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[CommentIn] Autophagy. 2007 Jan-Feb;3(1):65-6 [17102584.001]

[ErratumIn] Exp Eye Res. 2006 Dec;83(6):1522

(PMID = 16626700.001).

[ISSN] 0014-4835

[Journal-full-title] Experimental eye research

[ISO-abbreviation] Exp. Eye Res.

[Language] eng

[Grant] United States / NIDCR NIH HHS / DE / DE-FG02-01ER63121; United States / NEI NIH HHS / EY / EY-13520; United States / NEI NIH HHS / EY / EY-14793

[Publication-type] Journal Article; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.

[Publication-country] England

[Chemical-registry-number] 0 / Genetic Markers; EC 3.2.1.17 / Muramidase; EC 3.4.22.36 / Caspase 1

   

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[Title] Changes of vascular endothelial growth factor after vitrectomy for macular edema secondary to retinal vein occlusion.

PURPOSE: To examine whether vitrectomy combined with retinal photocoagulation reduces the vitreous level of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in patients with macular edema associated with retinal vein occlusion (RVO).

During vitrectomy, retinal photocoagulation was performed on the ischemic region of the retina in all cases (mean of 510 shots).

CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest that the vitreous levels of VEGF may be reduced by vitrectomy combined with retinal photocoagulation for macular edema with RVO.

It may be important to reduce the vitreous levels of VEGF by vitrectomy and retinal photocoagulation for ischemic retina in macular edema with RVO.

[MeSH-major] Macular Edema / metabolism. Macular Edema / surgery. Retinal Vein Occlusion / metabolism. Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A / metabolism. Vitrectomy. Vitreous Body / metabolism

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(PMID = 18988180.001).

[ISSN] 1120-6721

[Journal-full-title] European journal of ophthalmology

[ISO-abbreviation] Eur J Ophthalmol

[Language] eng

[Publication-type] Case Reports; Journal Article

[Publication-country] United States

[Chemical-registry-number] 0 / VEGFA protein, human; 0 / Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A

   

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[Title] Phototoxicity in human retinal pigment epithelial cells promoted by hypericin, a component of St. John's wort.

To determine if hypericin might also be phototoxic to the human retina, we exposed human retinal pigment epithelial (hRPE) cells to 10(-7) to 10(-5) M hypericin.

Thus, ingested SJW is potentially phototoxic to the retina and could contribute to retinal or early macular degeneration.

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(PMID = 17576381.001).

[ISSN] 0031-8655

[Journal-full-title] Photochemistry and photobiology

[ISO-abbreviation] Photochem. Photobiol.

[Language] ENG

[Grant] United States / Intramural NIH HHS / /

[Publication-type] Journal Article; Research Support, N.I.H., Intramural

[Publication-country] United States

[Chemical-registry-number] 5QD5427UN7 / Perylene; 7V2F1075HD / hypericin; GAN16C9B8O / Glutathione

[Other-IDs] NLM/ NIHMS18993; NLM/ PMC2092452

   

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[Title] [Optic nerve head parameters as measured by confocal scanning laser (Heidelberg Retina Tomograph II) in normal, ocular hypertensive and glaucomatous subjects].

[Transliterated title] Estudio de los parámetros de la cabeza del nervio óptico en sujetos normales, hipertensos oculares y glaucomatosos obtenidos mediante láser confocal de barrido (Heidelberg Retina Tomograph II).

No differences were found between normal subjects and those with ocular hypertension in mean retinal nerve fiber layer thickness (0.24/0.24) or between those with ocular hypertension and glaucoma in mean cup depth (0.28/0.3).

[MeSH-minor] Adult. Aged. Aged, 80 and over. Anthropometry / instrumentation. Anthropometry / methods. Diagnosis, Differential. Female. Humans. Intraocular Pressure. Male. Middle Aged. Pupil. Reference Values. Visual Field Tests

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(PMID = 18592440.001).

[ISSN] 0365-6691

[Journal-full-title] Archivos de la Sociedad Española de Oftalmología

[ISO-abbreviation] Arch Soc Esp Oftalmol

[Language] spa

[Publication-type] Clinical Trial; Comparative Study; English Abstract; Journal Article

[Publication-country] Spain

   

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[Title] Suprathreshold excitation of network of frog tectal neurons by discharging of single retina moving-edge detector.

OBJECTIVE: It has been shown that discharge of single darkness detector in the frog retina can lead to suprathreshold excitation of the tectal neurons.

MATERIAL AND METHODS: The discharge of a single retina ganglion cell was elicited by the electrical stimulation.

RESULTS: The obtained data have suggested that a discharge of a single retinal moving-edge detector elicits a suprathreshold excitation of tectal neurons.

[MeSH-major] Neurons / physiology. Retina / physiology. Retinal Ganglion Cells / physiology

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(PMID = 16333218.001).

[ISSN] 1648-9144

[Journal-full-title] Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania)

[ISO-abbreviation] Medicina (Kaunas)

[Language] eng

[Publication-type] Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

[Publication-country] Lithuania

[Chemical-registry-number] 0 / Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists; H030S2S85J / Kynurenic Acid

   

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[Title] The synergetic modulation of the excitability of central gray matter by a neuropeptide: two protocols using excitation waves in chick retina.

The isolated chick retina provides an in vitro tissue model, in which two protocols were developed to verify the efficacy of a peptide in the excitability control of the central gray matter.

[MeSH-major] Membrane Potentials / physiology. Neurons / physiology. Periaqueductal Gray / physiology. Potassium / metabolism. Retina / physiology. Somatostatin / pharmacology

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(PMID = 19274330.001).

[ISSN] 1678-2690

[Journal-full-title] Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências

[ISO-abbreviation] An. Acad. Bras. Cienc.

[Language] eng

[Publication-type] Journal Article

[Publication-country] Brazil

[Chemical-registry-number] 51110-01-1 / Somatostatin; RWP5GA015D / Potassium

   

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[Title] Cannabinoid agonist WIN 55212-2 speeds up the cone response to light offset in goldfish retina.

These data suggest that a retinal mechanism may account for some of the psychophysical effects of cannabis.

Whole-cell patch-clamp recordings were made from cones in the isolated goldfish retina.

[MeSH-major] Adaptation, Ocular / physiology. Cannabinoids / agonists. Light. Morpholines / pharmacology. Naphthalenes / pharmacology. Retina / cytology. Retinal Cone Photoreceptor Cells / drug effects

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(PMID = 16638179.001).

[ISSN] 0952-5238

[Journal-full-title] Visual neuroscience

[ISO-abbreviation] Vis. Neurosci.

[Language] eng

[Grant] United States / NEI NIH HHS / EY / R01 EY001682

[Publication-type] Comparative Study; Journal Article; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

[Publication-country] England

[Chemical-registry-number] 0 / Benzoxazines; 0 / Cannabinoids; 0 / Morpholines; 0 / Naphthalenes; 134959-51-6 / Win 55212-2

   

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[Title] Mitogen-activated protein kinase-signaling stimulates Müller glia to proliferate in acutely damaged chicken retina.

Müller glia in the mature retina have the capacity to become progenitor-like cells in a many different vertebrate classes.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the roles of the Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase (MAPK) pathway in regulating the activity of Müller glia in the chicken retina.

In response to acute retinal damage, we found that Müller glia accumulated phosphorylated ERK1/2 and phospho-CyclicAMP Response Element Binding-protein (pCREB), and transiently expressed immediate early genes, cFos and Egr1, that are known to be downstream of MAPK-signaling.

Egr1 and pCREB were normally expressed by retinal progenitors in the circumferential marginal zone (CMZ), whereas cFos and pERK1/2 were not.

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(PMID = 18709648.001).

[ISSN] 1098-1136

[Journal-full-title] Glia

[ISO-abbreviation] Glia

[Language] ENG

[Grant] United States / NEI NIH HHS / EY / EY016043-03; United States / NEI NIH HHS / EY / R01 EY016043; United States / NEI NIH HHS / EY / T35 EY007151; United States / NEI NIH HHS / EY / R01 EY016043-03

[Publication-type] Journal Article; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural

[Publication-country] United States

[Chemical-registry-number] 0 / Butadienes; 0 / Cyclic AMP Response Element-Binding Protein; 0 / Early Growth Response Protein 1; 0 / Nitriles; 0 / Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-fos; 0 / Pyrroles; 0 / Receptors, Fibroblast Growth Factor; 0 / SU 5402; 0 / U 0126; EC 2.7.11.24 / Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 3; EC 2.7.12.2 / MAP Kinase Kinase 1

[Other-IDs] NLM/ NIHMS65202; NLM/ PMC2774719

   

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[Title] Effects of periocular administration of triamcinolone acetonide on leukocyte-endothelium interactions in the ischemic retina.

PURPOSE: Recent studies have reported that intravitreal or posterior sub-Tenon's injection of triamcinolone acetonide (TA) is effective in the treatment of macular edema resulting from retinal microcirculatory disturbances such as diabetic retinopathy and retinal vein occlusion.

The effects of periocular administration of TA on leukocyte-endothelium interactions were studied after transient retinal ischemia.

METHODS: Transient retinal ischemia was induced by temporary ligation of the optic nerve sheath for 60 minutes in male Long-Evans rats.

Leukocyte dynamics were evaluated in the retinal microcirculation using acridine orange digital fluorography.

Also, retinal thickness was studied by using optical coherence tomography and a histologic METHOD: The retinal mRNA expression of P-selectin and intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM)-1 was semiquantitatively studied with RT-PCR.

RESULTS: The leukocytes rolling along retinal vein linings increased after ischemia in the vehicle-treated rats (32.5 +/- 2.1 cells/min).

The treatment decreased the retinal thickness and the mRNA expression of P-selectin and ICAM-1.

CONCLUSIONS: The present study demonstrated that the periocular injection of TA effectively decreased retinal thickness and inhibited leukocyte-endothelium interactions in the retina after ischemia.

Downregulation of adhesion molecules of retinal vascular endothelium induced by TA may play a role in the course.

[MeSH-major] Endothelium, Vascular / metabolism. Glucocorticoids / administration & dosage. Ischemia / complications. Leukocytes / metabolism. Macular Edema / drug therapy. Retinal Vessels. Triamcinolone Acetonide / administration & dosage

[MeSH-minor] Acridine Orange. Animals. Cell Communication / drug effects. Disease Models, Animal. Fluorescent Dyes. Gene Expression. Injections. Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1 / genetics. Male. P-Selectin / genetics. RNA, Messenger / metabolism. Rats. Rats, Long-Evans. Retinal Diseases / complications. Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction

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(PMID = 17525219.001).

[ISSN] 0146-0404

[Journal-full-title] Investigative ophthalmology & visual science

[ISO-abbreviation] Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci.

[Language] eng

[Publication-type] Journal Article

[Publication-country] United States

[Chemical-registry-number] 0 / Fluorescent Dyes; 0 / Glucocorticoids; 0 / P-Selectin; 0 / RNA, Messenger; 126547-89-5 / Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1; F30N4O6XVV / Acridine Orange; F446C597KA / Triamcinolone Acetonide

   

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[Title] Functional properties of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in the chick retina during development.

Acetylcholine (ACh) has been recognized for a long time as a major neurotransmitter in the retina, however, little is known about the contribution of acetylcholine receptors in synaptic processing.

To address this question further, we examined the physiological and pharmacological properties of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) in retinal ganglion cells from embryonic (E) 12-18-day-old Leghorn chicks.

These data demonstrate that ganglion cells of the chick retina express multiple receptor subtypes that progressively develop as a function of retina maturation.

[MeSH-major] Cell Differentiation / physiology. Receptors, Nicotinic / metabolism. Retina / embryology. Retinal Ganglion Cells / metabolism. Synapses / metabolism. Synaptic Transmission / physiology

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(PMID = 15978026.001).

[ISSN] 0953-816X

[Journal-full-title] The European journal of neuroscience

[ISO-abbreviation] Eur. J. Neurosci.

[Language] eng

[Grant] United States / NIMH NIH HHS / MH / MH53631

[Publication-type] Journal Article; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.

[Publication-country] France

[Chemical-registry-number] 0 / Bridged Bicyclo Compounds, Heterocyclic; 0 / Conotoxins; 0 / Nicotinic Agonists; 0 / Pyridines; 0 / Receptors, Nicotinic; 0 / alpha-conotoxin MII; 0 / nicotinic receptor alpha3beta2; 0 / nicotinic receptor alpha6; M6K314F1XX / epibatidine; N9YNS0M02X / Acetylcholine

   

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We have addressed this issue using a model in which OPCs transplanted into the adult rat retina myelinate retinal ganglion cell axons around the point of injection.

Inflammation (characterized by increased expression of the macrophage marker ED1 and the astrocyte marker GFAP, and the up-regulation of multiple cytokines) was induced in the retina by the administration of the TLR-2 ligand zymosan.

Myelination, revealed by MBP+ myelin sheaths, was substantially increased when OPCs were injected into the inflamed retina compared to that achieved following transplantation into the normal, noninflamed retina.

[MeSH-minor] Animals. Animals, Newborn. Biomarkers. Cell Transplantation / physiology. Cerebral Cortex / cytology. Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein / metabolism. Immunohistochemistry. Lens, Crystalline / injuries. Ligands. Nerve Fibers / physiology. Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis. Rats. Rats, Inbred F344. Retina / cytology. Toll-Like Receptor 2 / drug effects. Zymosan

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(PMID = 16856149.001).

[ISSN] 0894-1491

[Journal-full-title] Glia

[ISO-abbreviation] Glia

[Language] eng

[Grant] United Kingdom / Multiple Sclerosis Society / / 689

[Publication-type] Journal Article; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

[Publication-country] United States

[Chemical-registry-number] 0 / Biomarkers; 0 / Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein; 0 / Ligands; 0 / Tlr2 protein, rat; 0 / Toll-Like Receptor 2; 9010-72-4 / Zymosan

   

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[Title] Topography of pig retinal ganglion cells.

In the present work we analyzed the distribution of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) in the pig retina.

Different regions of the porcine retina were identified following analysis of the distribution of RGCs in terms of cell density and soma size: in the central retina, we found a high-density horizontal RGC band lying dorsal to the optic disc.

From the central to the more peripheral retina, we observed a decrease in RGC density, together with a greater presence of RGCs with larger somas.

The results of this study should prove to be useful as a foundation for future studies with the porcine retina as a model in ophthalmic research.

[MeSH-major] Retina / cytology. Retinal Ganglion Cells / cytology

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(PMID = 15846788.001).

[ISSN] 0021-9967

[Journal-full-title] The Journal of comparative neurology

[ISO-abbreviation] J. Comp. Neurol.

[Language] eng

[Publication-type] Comparative Study; Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

[Publication-country] United States

[Chemical-registry-number] 0 / 2-hydroxy-4,4'-diamidinostilbene, methanesulfonate salt; 0 / Stilbamidines

   

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[Title] Neurog2 controls the leading edge of neurogenesis in the mammalian retina.

In the mammalian retina, neuronal differentiation begins in the dorso-central optic cup and sweeps peripherally and ventrally.

In this study, we evaluate the expression and function of proneural bHLH transcription factors during the onset of mouse retinal neurogenesis.

Dorso-central retinal progenitor cells that give rise to the first postmitotic neurons express Neurog2/Ngn2 and Atoh7/Math5.

However, neurogenesis is eventually restored, and at birth Neurog2 mutant retinas are reduced in size, with only a slight increase in the retinal ganglion cell population.

Together, this study supports the hypothesis that the intrinsic factors Neurog2 and Ascl1 regulate the temporal progression of retinal neurogenesis by directing overlapping waves of neuron formation.

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[Copyright] Copyright (c) 2010 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

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(PMID = 20144606.001).

[ISSN] 1095-564X

[Journal-full-title] Developmental biology

[ISO-abbreviation] Dev. Biol.

[Language] ENG

[Grant] United States / NEI NIH HHS / EY / EY013612-09A1; United States / NEI NIH HHS / EY / R01 EY013612-09A1; United States / NEI NIH HHS / EY / R01 EY018097; United States / NEI NIH HHS / EY / R01 EY013612; United States / NEI NIH HHS / EY / EY13612; United States / NEI NIH HHS / EY / EY18097

[Publication-type] Journal Article; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

[Publication-country] United States

[Chemical-registry-number] 0 / Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Transcription Factors; 0 / Nerve Tissue Proteins; 0 / Neurog2 protein, mouse; 147336-22-9 / Green Fluorescent Proteins; EC 3.2.1.23 / beta-Galactosidase

[Other-IDs] NLM/ NIHMS178692; NLM/ PMC2854206

   

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[Title] Versatility of AAV vectors for retinal gene transfer.

Gene therapy represents a promising therapeutic option for many inherited and acquired retinal diseases.

Recombinant adeno-associated viral vectors (AAV) are the most efficient tools to transfer genes in vivo to the retina.

The results from the forthcoming trials with AAV in the retina of patients with Leber Congenital Amaurosis will be critical for the rapid development of AAV-based therapeutics for retinal diseases.

[MeSH-major] Dependovirus / genetics. Eye Diseases, Hereditary / therapy. Gene Transfer Techniques. Genetic Vectors. Retinal Diseases / therapy

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(PMID = 17923143.001).

[ISSN] 0042-6989

[Journal-full-title] Vision research

[ISO-abbreviation] Vision Res.

[Language] eng

[Grant] United States / NEI NIH HHS / EY / R01 EY015136; Italy / Telethon / / TGM06C03; Italy / Telethon / / TGM06S01; United States / NEI NIH HHS / EY / 1R01EY015136-01

[Publication-type] Journal Article; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Review

[Publication-country] England

[Number-of-references] 104

   

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[Title] [Effects of endostatin on the expression of Tubulinbeta mRNA in the retina of oxygen-induced retinal neovascularization].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect of endostatin on the expression of Tubulinbeta in the retina of oxygen-induced retinal neovascularization.

In control group, the mice were bred in normal oxygen condition, while the mice in another 2 groups were subjected to hyperoxia condition to establish the oxygen-induced retinal neovascularization model.

Total RNA were extracted from retina of each mouse in three groups, the quantity of Tubulinbeta mRNA in retina was analyzed with quantitative real-time PCR with the special primers.

RESULTS: Quantitativereal-time PCR results indicated that, the expression of Tubulinbeta mRNA in retica was up-regulated in the process of retinal neovascularization induced by hyperoxia, and down-regulated by the treatment of ES.

CONCLUSIONS: Endotatin can inhibit the expression of Tubulinbeta mRNA in retinal neovascularization, this may be correlated with the inhibitive characteristics of ES on neovascularization.

[MeSH-major] Endostatins / pharmacology. Hyperoxia / metabolism. Retina / metabolism. Retinal Neovascularization / metabolism. Tubulin / metabolism

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(PMID = 20067108.001).

[ISSN] 1672-173X

[Journal-full-title] Sichuan da xue xue bao. Yi xue ban = Journal of Sichuan University. Medical science edition

[ISO-abbreviation] Sichuan Da Xue Xue Bao Yi Xue Ban

[Language] chi

[Publication-type] English Abstract; Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

[Publication-country] China

[Chemical-registry-number] 0 / Endostatins; 0 / RNA, Messenger; 0 / Tubulin; 0 / beta3 tubulin, mouse

   

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[Title] Neuronal leucine-rich repeat 6 (XlNLRR-6) is required for late lens and retina development in Xenopus laevis.

Using antisense morpholino oligonucleotide (MO) -mediated knockdown of XlNLRR-6, we demonstrate that this protein is critical for development of the lens, retina, and cornea.

Reciprocal transplantation of presumptive lens ectoderm between MO-treated and untreated embryos demonstrate that XlNLRR-6 plays autonomous roles in the development of both the lens and retina.

[MeSH-major] Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental. Lens, Crystalline / embryology. Leucine. Neurons / metabolism. Retina / embryology. Xenopus laevis / embryology

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[Copyright] (c) 2006 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

(PMID = 16456849.001).

[ISSN] 1058-8388

[Journal-full-title] Developmental dynamics : an official publication of the American Association of Anatomists

[ISO-abbreviation] Dev. Dyn.

[Language] eng

[Grant] United States / NEI NIH HHS / EY / EY 09844

[Publication-type] Comparative Study; Journal Article; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

[Publication-country] United States

[Chemical-registry-number] 0 / Oligonucleotides, Antisense; 0 / Xenopus Proteins; GMW67QNF9C / Leucine

   

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[Title] Modifications of the retina neuronal populations of the heterozygous mutant small eye mouse, the Sey(Dey).

We analyzed the modifications of the retinal neurons in a heterozygous mutant small eye mouse, the Sey(Dey).

The partial loss of the genes affected does not prevent the formation of the different layers of the retina, but does affect its thickness, principally of the plexiform layers; moreover, the internal limiting membrane is found disorganized.

All the neuronal populations are present in the retina of these animals and express the same neurochemical markers as the control animals, but the number of Pax6(+) cells is notably reduced.

These results suggest that, although it does not appear determinant in the differentiation of the distinct neuronal types of the retina, the partial lack of genes of the heterozygotes +/Sey(Dey) provokes important morphological and neurochemical modifications in the cytoarchitecture of the retina.

[MeSH-major] Eye Abnormalities / pathology. Eye Proteins / genetics. Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental / genetics. Homeodomain Proteins / genetics. Mutation / genetics. Neurons / pathology. Paired Box Transcription Factors / genetics. Repressor Proteins / genetics. Retina / abnormalities

[MeSH-minor] Animals. Axons / metabolism. Axons / pathology. Biomarkers / metabolism. Calbindin 2. Calbindins. Calcium-Binding Proteins / genetics. Cell Differentiation / genetics. Dendrites / metabolism. Dendrites / pathology. Disease Models, Animal. Female. Male. Mice. Mice, Neurologic Mutants. Parvalbumins / genetics. Protein Kinase C-alpha / genetics. Retinal Ganglion Cells / metabolism. Retinal Ganglion Cells / pathology. S100 Calcium Binding Protein G / genetics. Tyrosine 3-Monooxygenase / genetics. WT1 Proteins / genetics

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(PMID = 17113047.001).

[ISSN] 0006-8993

[Journal-full-title] Brain research

[ISO-abbreviation] Brain Res.

[Language] eng

[Publication-type] Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

[Publication-country] Netherlands

[Chemical-registry-number] 0 / Biomarkers; 0 / Calbindin 2; 0 / Calbindins; 0 / Calcium-Binding Proteins; 0 / Eye Proteins; 0 / Homeodomain Proteins; 0 / PAX6 protein; 0 / Paired Box Transcription Factors; 0 / Parvalbumins; 0 / Repressor Proteins; 0 / S100 Calcium Binding Protein G; 0 / WT1 Proteins; 148998-28-1 / reticulocalbin; EC 1.14.16.2 / Tyrosine 3-Monooxygenase; EC 2.7.11.13 / Protein Kinase C-alpha

   

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[Title] Vascular precursors in developing human retina.

PURPOSE: Prior investigation has demonstrated that angioblasts are present in the inner retinas of human embryos and fetuses and that they differentiate and organize to form the primordial retinal vasculature.

Coexpression of CD39 (marker for retinal angioblasts and endothelial cells) and CXCR4 or c-Kit was investigated by confocal microscopy.

RESULTS: SDF-1 was prominent in inner retina with the greatest reaction product near the internal limiting membrane (ILM).

SCF immunoreactivity was also confined to the inner retina and increased significantly between 7 and 12 WG.

A layer of CXCR4(+) and c-Kit(+) precursors, some of which coexpressed CD39, existed in the inner retina from 7 to 12 WG.

CONCLUSIONS: Embryonic human retina has a pool of precursors (CXCR4(+) and c-Kit(+)) that enlarged centrifugally during fetal development.

Both SCF and SDF-1 are associated with the differentiation of retinal precursors into angioblasts and their migration to sites of vessel assembly.

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[ErratumIn] Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2008 Jun;49(6):2342

(PMID = 18436851.001).

[ISSN] 0146-0404

[Journal-full-title] Investigative ophthalmology & visual science

[ISO-abbreviation] Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci.

[Language] ENG

[Grant] United States / NEI NIH HHS / EY / EY 01765; United States / NEI NIH HHS / EY / P30 EY001765; United States / NEI NIH HHS / EY / EY 09357; United States / NEI NIH HHS / EY / R01 EY009357; United States / NEI NIH HHS / EY / R01 EY009357-16

[Publication-type] Journal Article; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

[Publication-country] United States

[Chemical-registry-number] 0 / Antigens, CD; 0 / CXCR4 protein, human; 0 / Chemokine CXCL12; 0 / Receptors, CXCR4; 0 / Stem Cell Factor; EC 2.7.10.1 / Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-kit; EC 3.6.1.5 / Apyrase; EC 3.6.1.5 / CD39 antigen

[Other-IDs] NLM/ NIHMS215629; NLM/ PMC4943084

   

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[Title] BDNF preserves the dendritic morphology of alpha and beta ganglion cells in the cat retina after optic nerve injury.

PURPOSE: To examine whether brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), a potent neuroprotectant in the mammalian retina, also plays a role in preserving the dendritic integrity of the surviving ganglion cells after optic nerve injury.

[MeSH-major] Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor / pharmacology. Dendrites / drug effects. Neuroprotective Agents / pharmacology. Optic Nerve Injuries / drug therapy. Retinal Ganglion Cells / drug effects

[MeSH-minor] Animals. Cats. Cell Count. Cell Survival / drug effects. Recombinant Proteins / pharmacology. Retinal Degeneration / etiology. Retinal Degeneration / prevention & control

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(PMID = 18263808.001).

[ISSN] 0146-0404

[Journal-full-title] Investigative ophthalmology & visual science

[ISO-abbreviation] Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci.

[Language] eng

[Grant] United States / NEI NIH HHS / EY / EY11159

[Publication-type] Journal Article; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural

[Publication-country] United States

[Chemical-registry-number] 0 / Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor; 0 / Neuroprotective Agents; 0 / Recombinant Proteins

   

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[Title] Expression and role of the early-response gene Oxr1 in the hyperoxia-challenged mouse retina.

PURPOSE: To examine the response of mouse retina to sustained hyperoxia.

RESULTS: In the C57BL/6J retina, Oxr1 was upregulated at 3 days of exposure, matching the early period of resistance to hyperoxia in this strain, and fell below control levels at 14 days, when photoreceptor degeneration had begun.

The retinal response to hyperoxia may constitute acute and chronic phases in which photoreceptors are first resistant, and then vulnerable, to oxidative damage.

Understanding this biphasic response may be important in understanding the role of oxygen in the progress of retinal dystrophy.

[MeSH-major] Gene Expression Regulation / physiology. Hyperoxia / genetics. Nuclear Proteins / genetics. Oxidative Stress. Oxygen / toxicity. Photoreceptor Cells, Vertebrate / metabolism. Retinal Degeneration / genetics

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(PMID = 18539939.001).

[ISSN] 1552-5783

[Journal-full-title] Investigative ophthalmology & visual science

[ISO-abbreviation] Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci.

[Language] eng

[Publication-type] Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

[Publication-country] United States

[Chemical-registry-number] 0 / Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein; 0 / Mitochondrial Proteins; 0 / Nuclear Proteins; 0 / Oxr1 protein, mouse; 0 / RNA, Messenger; S88TT14065 / Oxygen

   

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[Title] BMP signaling mediates stem/progenitor cell-induced retina regeneration.

We identified a mechanism whereby retina regeneration in the embryonic chick can be induced by the contribution of stem/progenitor cells.

We show that bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling is sufficient and necessary to induce retina regeneration and that its action can be divided into two phases.

These results unravel a mechanism for stem/progenitor cell-mediated retina regeneration, where BMP activation establishes a cross-talk with the FGF pathway and selectively activates the canonical and noncanonical BMP pathways.

Retina stem/progenitor cells exist in other species, including humans.

Thus, our findings provide insights on how retinal stem cells can be activated for possible regenerative therapies.

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(PMID = 18093961.001).

[ISSN] 1091-6490

[Journal-full-title] Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

[ISO-abbreviation] Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

[Language] ENG

[Grant] United States / NIA NIH HHS / AG / R21 AG024937-02; United States / NIA NIH HHS / AG / R21 AG 024937-01; United States / NIA NIH HHS / AG / AG024937-02; United States / NEI NIH HHS / EY / EY10540; United States / NEI NIH HHS / EY / R01 EY010540; United States / NIA NIH HHS / AG / R21 AG024937

[Publication-type] Journal Article; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural

[Publication-country] United States

[Chemical-registry-number] 0 / Bone Morphogenetic Proteins; 0 / Smad Proteins; 62031-54-3 / Fibroblast Growth Factors; EC 2.7.11.24 / p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases

[Other-IDs] NLM/ PMC2154439

   

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Pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF), a multifunctional protein, acts in retinal differentiation, survival and maintenance by interacting with high affinity receptors on the surface of target cells.

This newly identified protein is present on the surface of retina and RPE cells, and has the expected transmembrane topology.

In summary, PEDF-R is a novel component of the retina that is a phospholipase-linked membrane protein with high affinity for PEDF.

[MeSH-minor] Computational Biology. Humans. Ligands. Protein Binding. Protein Transport. Retina / cytology. Retina / enzymology. Subcellular Fractions / enzymology

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(PMID = 20237999.001).

[ISSN] 0065-2598

[Journal-full-title] Advances in experimental medicine and biology

[ISO-abbreviation] Adv. Exp. Med. Biol.

[Language] eng

[Grant] United States / Intramural NIH HHS / / Z01 EY000306-13

[Publication-type] Journal Article

[Publication-country] United States

[Chemical-registry-number] 0 / Eye Proteins; 0 / Ligands; 0 / Nerve Growth Factors; 0 / Receptors, Neuropeptide; 0 / Serpins; 0 / pigment epithelium-derived factor; 0 / pigment epithelium-derived factor receptor; EC 3.1.- / Phospholipases

[Other-IDs] NLM/ NIHMS544292; NLM/ PMC3901638

   

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There are two developmentally regulated alternatively spliced forms of Disabled-1 (Dab1) in the chick retina: an early form (Dab1-E) expressed in retinal precursor cells and a late form (Dab1-L) expressed in neuronal cells.

Here, we use Reelin-expressing primary retinal cultures to investigate the role of the four Dab1 tyrosine phosphorylation sites on overall tyrosine phosphorylation, Dab1 phosphorylation, SFK activation and neurite formation.

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(PMID = 17350651.001).

[ISSN] 0022-2836

[Journal-full-title] Journal of molecular biology

[ISO-abbreviation] J. Mol. Biol.

[Language] ENG

[Grant] None / None / / 82789-1; Canada / Canadian Institutes of Health Research / / 82789-1

[Publication-type] Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

[Publication-country] England

[Chemical-registry-number] 0 / Antibodies; 0 / Avian Proteins; 0 / Cell Adhesion Molecules, Neuronal; 0 / Extracellular Matrix Proteins; 0 / Nerve Tissue Proteins; 0 / Protein Isoforms; 0 / Receptors, LDL; 0 / Recombinant Fusion Proteins; 0 / VLDL receptor; 147336-22-9 / Green Fluorescent Proteins; 21820-51-9 / Phosphotyrosine; EC 2.7.10.2 / src-Family Kinases; EC 3.4.21.- / Serine Endopeptidases; EC 3.4.21.- / reelin protein

[Other-IDs] NLM/ CAMS3217; NLM/ PMC4071145

   

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Networks of transcriptional regulatory proteins dictate specification of neural lineages from multipotent retinal progenitors.

To examine the role of NRL in cell fate determination, we generated transgenic mice that express Nrl under the control of Crx promoter in postmitotic photoreceptor precursors of WT and Nrl-/- retina.

We show that NRL expression, in both genetic backgrounds, leads to a functional retina with only rod photoreceptors.

The absence of cones does not alter retinal lamination, although cone synaptic circuitry is now recruited by rods.

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(PMID = 17242361.001).

[ISSN] 0027-8424

[Journal-full-title] Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

[ISO-abbreviation] Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

[Language] ENG

[Grant] United States / NEI NIH HHS / EY / EY007003; United States / NEI NIH HHS / EY / R01 EY012654; United States / NEI NIH HHS / EY / R01 EY011115; United States / NIDDK NIH HHS / DK / P60 DK020572; United States / NEI NIH HHS / EY / EY012654; United States / NEI NIH HHS / EY / EY011115; United States / NIDDK NIH HHS / DK / 5P60 DK20572; United States / NEI NIH HHS / EY / P30 EY007003; United States / NEI NIH HHS / EY / F31 EY007003

[Publication-type] Journal Article; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

[Publication-country] United States

[Chemical-registry-number] 0 / Basic-Leucine Zipper Transcription Factors; 0 / Eye Proteins; 0 / Nrl protein, mouse

[Other-IDs] NLM/ PMC1780067

   

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[Title] Mirror-symmetrical populations of wide-field amacrine cells of the macaque monkey retina.

The density of the cells increased from approximately 70/mm(2) in the peripheral retina to approximately 700/mm(2) in the central retina.

The close proximity of the dendritic strata of glypho-immunoreactive amacrine cells, cholinergic amacrine cells, and direction-selective ganglion cells suggests a possible role of the cells in the generation of direction-selective light responses of the monkey retina.

[MeSH-major] Amacrine Cells. Macaca fascicularis / anatomy & histology. Retina / cytology

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[Copyright] (c) 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

(PMID = 18288700.001).

[ISSN] 1096-9861

[Journal-full-title] The Journal of comparative neurology

[ISO-abbreviation] J. Comp. Neurol.

[Language] eng

[Publication-type] Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

[Publication-country] United States

[Chemical-registry-number] 0 / Amino Acids; 0 / dolaisoleucine; 56-12-2 / gamma-Aminobutyric Acid; EC 2.3.1.6 / Choline O-Acetyltransferase; EC 2.4.1.- / Glycogen Phosphorylase

   

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[Title] IQ-ArfGEF/BRAG1 is associated with synaptic ribbons in the mouse retina.

In this study, we examined the immunohistochemical localization of IQ-ArfGEF/BRAG1 in the adult mouse retina using light and electron microscopy.

Furthermore, immunoprecipitation analysis showed that anti-IQ-ArfGEF/BRAG1 antibody efficiently pulled down RIBEYE from retinal lysates.

These findings indicate that IQ-ArfGEF/BRAG1 is a novel component of retinal synaptic ribbons and forms a protein complex with RIBEYE.

[MeSH-major] Guanine Nucleotide Exchange Factors / metabolism. Nerve Tissue Proteins / metabolism. Retina / cytology. Synapses / metabolism. Synapses / ultrastructure

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(PMID = 19811534.001).

[ISSN] 1460-9568

[Journal-full-title] The European journal of neuroscience

[ISO-abbreviation] Eur. J. Neurosci.

[Language] eng

[Publication-type] Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

[Publication-country] France

[Chemical-registry-number] 0 / Ctbp2 protein, mouse; 0 / DNA-Binding Proteins; 0 / Guanine Nucleotide Exchange Factors; 0 / IQSEC2 protein, mouse; 0 / Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; 0 / Membrane Proteins; 0 / Nerve Tissue Proteins; 0 / Phosphoproteins; 0 / RNA, Messenger; EC 2.7.4.8 / Dlgh4 protein, mouse; EC 2.7.4.8 / Guanylate Kinase

   

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[Title] Immunocytochemical analysis of glycogen phosphorylase isozymes in the developing and adult retina of the domestic chicken (Gallus domesticus).

Glycogen is the major energy reserve in neural tissues including the retina.

By applying isozyme-specific antibodies it could be demonstrated that the GP BB (brain), but not the GP MM (muscle) isoform is expressed in the chicken retina in neuronal and glial (Müller) cells.

In the embryonic chicken retina, GP showed a development-dependent expression pattern.

Double-labeling experiments with cell type-specific antibodies revealed that GP is expressed in various layers of the retina some of which, e.g., the photoreceptor inner segments, are known to be sites of high energy consumption.

[MeSH-major] Glycogen Phosphorylase / metabolism. Isoenzymes / metabolism. Retina / enzymology

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(PMID = 17940897.001).

[ISSN] 0364-3190

[Journal-full-title] Neurochemical research

[ISO-abbreviation] Neurochem. Res.

[Language] eng

[Publication-type] Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

[Publication-country] United States

[Chemical-registry-number] 0 / Isoenzymes; EC 2.4.1.- / Glycogen Phosphorylase

   

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OBJECTIVE: To determine whether inhibiting the Fas proapoptosis pathway will result in increased photoreceptor survival after separation of the retina from the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE).

METHODS: Retina/RPE separation was induced in rat and mouse eyes by the subretinal injection of hyaluronic acid, 1%.

Indices of photoreceptor death included terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated deoxyuridine triphosphate nick-end labeling (TUNEL) staining, cell counts, and retinal thickness measurements.

RESULTS: Inhibition of Fas signaling using Fas receptor-neutralizing antibody, siFas, or LPR mice resulted in a significant reduction in the number of TUNEL-positive photoreceptor cells as well as in a significant preservation of outer nuclear layer cell counts and thickness as compared with retina/RPE separation in eyes with intact Fas signaling.

CONCLUSIONS: Inhibition of the Fas proapoptosis pathway results in significant photoreceptor preservation after retinal separation from the RPE.

CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Fas-pathway inhibition might serve as a novel mechanism for preserving photoreceptor cells during retinal disease.

[MeSH-minor] Animals. Antibodies, Blocking / pharmacology. Apoptosis / drug effects. Cell Count. Cell Survival / physiology. Fluorescent Antibody Technique, Indirect. Immunoblotting. In Situ Nick-End Labeling. Mice. Mice, Inbred C57BL. Mice, Inbred MRL lpr. RNA / isolation & purification. RNA, Small Interfering / pharmacology. Rats. Rats, Inbred BN. Retinal Detachment / metabolism. Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction. Rhodopsin / metabolism. Rod Opsins / metabolism

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(PMID = 17923548.001).

[ISSN] 0003-9950

[Journal-full-title] Archives of ophthalmology (Chicago, Ill. : 1960)

[ISO-abbreviation] Arch. Ophthalmol.

[Language] eng

[Grant] United States / NEI NIH HHS / EY / K08-EY-14705

[Publication-type] Journal Article; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural

[Publication-country] United States

[Chemical-registry-number] 0 / Antibodies, Blocking; 0 / Antigens, CD95; 0 / Fas protein, mouse; 0 / RNA, Small Interfering; 0 / Rod Opsins; 0 / Tnfrsf6 protein, rat; 63231-63-0 / RNA; 9009-81-8 / Rhodopsin

   

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Insufficient levels of L-DOPA, released from the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), in albino animals are considered responsible for the abnormal development of the underlying neural retina.

L-DOPA normalizes retinal neurogenesis by reducing levels of cell proliferation either by acting on the cells directly or by being converted into dopamine.

Thus, the differential effects of dopamine on neural retinae from pigmented and albino rats in vitro must result from the activation of D1 receptors, which are present in the retina from birth.

These findings are discussed in light of previous reports of reduced catecholamine levels in the albino retina.

[MeSH-major] Dopamine / pharmacology. Mitosis / drug effects. Neurons / drug effects. Retina / cytology

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(PMID = 16187306.001).

[ISSN] 0022-3034

[Journal-full-title] Journal of neurobiology

[ISO-abbreviation] J. Neurobiol.

[Language] eng

[Publication-type] Comparative Study; Journal Article

[Publication-country] United States

[Chemical-registry-number] 0 / Benzazepines; 0 / Dopamine Antagonists; 0 / Receptors, Dopamine D1; EC 4.1.1.28 / Aromatic-L-Amino-Acid Decarboxylases; VTD58H1Z2X / Dopamine

   

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[Title] Removal of retinal indocyanine green dye by autologous serum irrigation in macular hole surgery.

PURPOSE: To investigate the efficacy of autologous serum irrigation for removal of retinal indocyanine green (ICG) dye used to visualize the internal limiting membrane (ILM) in macular hole surgery.

Nine of 18 eyes underwent intravitreal autologous serum irrigation before completion of the surgery to remove residual ICG dye in the retina.

The main outcome measures were postoperative visual acuity, macular hole status, retinal pigment epithelial changes, and time course of ICG dye fading from the retina with or without intravitreal autologous serum irrigation.

ICG dye disappeared from the retina within an average of 6.1 months after surgery without serum and 2.4 months after surgery with serum (P < 0.01).

The application was simple and safe and significantly shortened the period of residual retinal ICG staining.

[MeSH-major] Coloring Agents / metabolism. Indocyanine Green / metabolism. Retina / metabolism. Retinal Perforations / surgery. Serum. Therapeutic Irrigation / methods

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(PMID = 16141861.001).

[ISSN] 0275-004X

[Journal-full-title] Retina (Philadelphia, Pa.)

[ISO-abbreviation] Retina (Philadelphia, Pa.)

[Language] eng

[Publication-type] Journal Article

[Publication-country] United States

[Chemical-registry-number] 0 / Coloring Agents; IX6J1063HV / Indocyanine Green

   

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[Title] Selective retina therapy (SRT) of chronic subfoveal fluid after surgery of rhegmatogenous retinal detachment: three case reports.

BACKGROUND: Shallow subfoveal fluid accumulation after successful surgery for retinal detachment can be the reason for compromised visual acuity.

Selective retina therapy (SRT) is a new laser technology that uses a train of mus-laser pulses to selectively damage retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells while sparing retinal structures.

METHODS: We treated three patients with chronic subfoveal fluid accumulation after retinal detachment surgery.

The median period between retinal surgery and SRT treatment was 7 months.

In this situation where no other therapeutical options are established, SRT may be a beneficial treatment for chronic subfoveal fluid accumulation after retinal detachment surgery.

[MeSH-major] Body Fluids / metabolism. Lasers, Solid-State / therapeutic use. Low-Level Light Therapy / methods. Postoperative Complications. Retinal Detachment / surgery. Retinal Pigment Epithelium / surgery

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(PMID = 18546010.001).

[ISSN] 0721-832X

[Journal-full-title] Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology = Albrecht von Graefes Archiv fur klinische und experimentelle Ophthalmologie

[ISO-abbreviation] Graefes Arch. Clin. Exp. Ophthalmol.

[Language] eng

[Publication-type] Case Reports; Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

[Publication-country] Germany