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The focus is on human and murine colorectal carcinogenesis and the histogenesis of this malignant disorder.

A summary of a model of colitis-associated colon tumorigenesis (an AOM/DSS model) will also be presented.

The earliest phases of colorectal oncogenesis occur in the normal mucosa, with a disorder of cell replication.

The large majority of colorectal malignancies develop from an adenomatous polyp (adenoma).

Carcinomas usually originate from pre-existing adenomas, but this does not imply that all polyps undergo malignant changes and does not exclude de novo oncogenesis.

Besides adenomas, there are other types of pre-neoplasia, which include hyperplastic polyps, serrated adenomas, flat adenomas and dysplasia that occurs in the inflamed colon in associated with inflammatory bowel disease.

Colorectal neoplasms and/or pre-neoplasms can be prevented by interfering with the various steps of oncogenesis, which begins with uncontrolled epithelial cell replication, continues with the formation of adenomas and eventually evolves into malignancy.

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(PMID = 19332896.001).

[ISSN] 1477-3163

[Journal-full-title] Journal of carcinogenesis

[ISO-abbreviation] J Carcinog

[Language] eng

[Publication-type] Journal Article

[Publication-country] England

[Other-IDs] NLM/ PMC2678864

   

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[Title] A methodology for distinguishing divergent cell fates within a common progenitor population: adenoma- and neuroendocrine-like cells are confounders of rat ileal epithelial cell (IEC-18) culture.

BACKGROUND: IEC-18 cells are a non-transformed, immortal cell line derived from juvenile rat ileal crypt cells.

We then confirmed the cell-specific phenotype by immunolocalization of proteins corresponding to those genes.

The majority of IEC-18 cells in SFM alone had a loss in expression of the adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) gene at the mRNA and protein levels, consistent with adenoma-like transformation.

The most common fate switch that we were able to detect correlates with a down regulation of the APC gene and transformation into an adenoma-like phenotype.

[MeSH-minor] Adenoma / pathology. Animals. Carcinoma, Neuroendocrine / pathology. Gene Expression Profiling. Gene Expression Regulation. Genes, APC. Methods. Phenotype. Rats

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(PMID = 15656904.001).

[ISSN] 1471-2121

[Journal-full-title] BMC cell biology

[ISO-abbreviation] BMC Cell Biol.

[Language] eng

[Publication-type] Journal Article

[Publication-country] England

[Other-IDs] NLM/ PMC547914

   

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[Title] Heterogeneity of colorectal adenomas, the serrated adenoma, and implications for screening and surveillance.

Current algorithms for screening and surveillance for colon cancer are valuable, but may be limited by the underlying nature of the targeted neoplastic lesions.

Although part of the success of adenoma removal relates to interruption of so-called "adenoma-carcinoma sequence", an alternate serrated pathway to colon cancer may pose difficulties with the ultimate results achieved by traditional colonoscopic methods.

The endpoint carcinoma in this unique pathway may be derived from a dysplastic serrated adenoma.

These tend to be located primarily in the right colon, especially in females, and are frequently associated with co-existent colon cancer.

Unfortunately, however, there are few, if any, other identifiable risk factors, including age or family history of colon polyps or colon cancer.

Moreover, this alternate serrated pathway may itself also be quite biologically heterogeneous as reflected in sessile serrated adenomas (SSA) with virtually exclusive molecular signatures defined by the presence of either BRAF or KRAS mutations.

Screening algorithms in the future may need to be modified and individualized, depending on new information that likely will emerge on the natural history of these biologically heterogeneous lesions that differs from traditional adenomatous polyps.

[MeSH-major] Adenoma / diagnosis. Algorithms. Colorectal Neoplasms / diagnosis. Mass Screening / methods

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(PMID = 18567071.001).

[ISSN] 1007-9327

[Journal-full-title] World journal of gastroenterology

[ISO-abbreviation] World J. Gastroenterol.

[Language] eng

[Publication-type] Journal Article

[Publication-country] China

[Chemical-registry-number] 0 / KRAS protein, human; 0 / Proto-Oncogene Proteins; EC 2.7.11.1 / BRAF protein, human; EC 2.7.11.1 / Proto-Oncogene Proteins B-raf; EC 3.6.5.2 / ras Proteins

[Other-IDs] NLM/ PMC2716605

   

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Histopathologically, the tumors were diagnosed as polypoid adenomas and adenocarcinomas of the cecum, colon and rectum.

[MeSH-minor] 1,2-Dimethylhydrazine / administration & dosage. 1,2-Dimethylhydrazine / pharmacology. Adenocarcinoma / chemically induced. Adenocarcinoma / pathology. Adenoma / chemically induced. Adenoma / pathology. Administration, Oral. Animals. Animals, Outbred Strains. Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / administration & dosage. Carcinogens / administration & dosage. Carcinogens / pharmacology. Celecoxib. Female. Incidence. Injections, Subcutaneous. Mice. Survival Rate. Time Factors

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(PMID = 16900774.001).

[ISSN] 0258-851X

[Journal-full-title] In vivo (Athens, Greece)

[ISO-abbreviation] In Vivo

[Language] eng

[Grant] United States / NCCIH NIH HHS / AT / 1R21 AT001739

[Publication-type] Comparative Study; Journal Article; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural

[Publication-country] Greece

[Chemical-registry-number] 0 / Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; 0 / Carcinogens; 0 / Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors; 0 / Pyrazoles; 0 / Sulfonamides; IX068S9745 / 1,2-Dimethylhydrazine; JCX84Q7J1L / Celecoxib

   

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DATA SYNTHESIS: Regular use of aspirin reduced the incidence of colonic adenomas in RCTs (relative risk [RR], 0.82 [95% CI, 0.7 to 0.95]), case-control studies (RR, 0.87 [CI, 0.77 to 0.98]), and cohort studies (RR, 0.72 [CI, 0.61 to 0.85]).

CONCLUSIONS: Aspirin appears to be effective at reducing the incidence of colonic adenoma and colorectal cancer, especially if used in high doses for more than 10 years.

[MeSH-major] Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / therapeutic use. Aspirin / therapeutic use. Colorectal Neoplasms / prevention & control. Primary Prevention

[MeSH-minor] Adenoma / prevention & control. Adult. Cardiovascular Diseases / chemically induced. Colonic Polyps / prevention & control. Female. Gastrointestinal Diseases / chemically induced. Humans. Incidence. Male. United States / epidemiology

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[CommentIn] ACP J Club. 2007 Jul-Aug;147(1):15-6 [17608380.001]

[CommentIn] Gastroenterology. 2007 Aug;133(2):717-8 [17681190.001]

[CommentIn] Ann Intern Med. 2007 Nov 6;147(9):674; author reply 674-5 [17975195.001]

[SummaryForPatientsIn] Ann Intern Med. 2007 Mar 6;146(5):I35 [17339615.001]

(PMID = 17339622.001).

[ISSN] 1539-3704

[Journal-full-title] Annals of internal medicine

[ISO-abbreviation] Ann. Intern. Med.

[Language] eng

[Publication-type] Journal Article; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.; Review

[Publication-country] United States

[Chemical-registry-number] 0 / Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; R16CO5Y76E / Aspirin

[Number-of-references] 61

   

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MATERIALS AND METHODS: tissue and serum samples from 88 patients with colorectal cancer, 22 adenomas and 23 normal were included.

[MeSH-minor] Adenoma / immunology. Adult. Aged. Aged, 80 and over. Antibodies, Monoclonal / immunology. Colon / immunology. Colon / metabolism. Female. Humans. Immunohistochemistry. Male. Middle Aged

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(PMID = 15578427.001).

[ISSN] 0213-3911

[Journal-full-title] Histology and histopathology

[ISO-abbreviation] Histol. Histopathol.

[Language] eng

[Publication-type] Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

[Publication-country] Spain

[Chemical-registry-number] 0 / 5-acetylneuraminyl-(2-3)-galactosyl-(1-4)-(fucopyranosyl-(1-3))-N-acetylglucosamine; 0 / Antibodies, Monoclonal; 0 / Oligosaccharides; 0 / Orosomucoid

   

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[Title] [Analysis of serum gastrin levels in patients with adenomatous polyps of the colon].

Adenomatous polyps are known risk factor of colon cancer.

Gastrin is a peptide hormone involved in the growth of both normal and malignant intestinal tissue, which probably may promote progression through the adenoma-carcinoma sequence.

AIM OF OUR STUDY: To assess the association between serum gastrin levels and size, type and localization of colonic adenomas.

MATERIAL AND METHODS: The study included 60 patients with adenomatous polyps of the colon and 30 healthy volunteers.

RESULTS: We observed higher serum gastrin levels in patients with colonic adenomas compared to control group (59.65 pg/ml vs. 46.89 pg/ml; p < 0.05).

There was no association between gastrin levels and size, number, localisation and histologic type of polyps (p > 0.05).

CONCLUSION: Despite of elevated serum levels in patients with colonic adenomas we did not observe the association between gastrin levels and size, grade of dysplasia and histologic type of polyps.

The exact role of hipergastrinemia in process of colon carcinogenesis remains to be determined.

[MeSH-major] Adenomatous Polyps / blood. Gastrins / blood

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(PMID = 19606697.001).

[ISSN] 1426-9686

[Journal-full-title] Polski merkuriusz lekarski : organ Polskiego Towarzystwa Lekarskiego

[ISO-abbreviation] Pol. Merkur. Lekarski

[Language] pol

[Publication-type] English Abstract; Journal Article

[Publication-country] Poland

[Chemical-registry-number] 0 / Gastrins

   

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[Title] Submerging endoscopic submucosal dissection leads to successful en bloc resection of colonic laterally spreading tumor with submucosal fat.

A 72-year-old female with a colonic laterally spreading tumor (LST) was referred to our department.

A total colonoscopy revealed a large nongranular LST, 30 mm in diameter, in the ascending colon.

The lesion was successfully resected en bloc without complications.

The pathological examination indicated the curative resection of a tubulovillous adenoma.

We propose that a submerged ESD could also be an effective procedure for colonic neoplasms with submucosal fat by avoiding blurring of the endoscopic view.

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[Cites] Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2007 Jun;5(6):678-83; quiz 645 [17466600.001]

[Cites] AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2003 Sep;181(3):781-4 [12933481.001]

[Cites] Endoscopy. 1998 May;30(4):351-5 [9689507.001]

[Cites] Gastrointest Endosc. 2006 Jan;63(1):178-83 [16377346.001]

(PMID = 20485649.001).

[ISSN] 2005-1212

[Journal-full-title] Gut and liver

[ISO-abbreviation] Gut Liver

[Language] eng

[Publication-type] Journal Article

[Publication-country] Korea (South)

[Other-IDs] NLM/ PMC2871645

[Keywords] NOTNLM ; Adipose tissue / Colonic neoplasms / Colonoscopy / Resection / Submucosa

   

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[Title] Promoter methylation status of the MGMT, hMLH1, and CDKN2A/p16 genes in non-neoplastic mucosa of patients with and without colorectal adenomas.

CpG island methylation has been observed in aberrant crypt foci (ACF) and adenomas in the colon, implicating it in the earliest aspects of colon cancer formation.

In addition, some investigators have identified an age-related increase in DNA methylation of the ESR1 locus in the colon mucosa, suggesting that DNA methylation may be a pre-neoplastic change that increases the risk of colon adenomas and colon cancer.

We investigated the methylation status in the promoter regions of the CDKN2A/p16, hMLH1, and MGMT genes in human non-neoplastic rectal mucosa and evaluated whether these methylation markers may predict the presence of adenomatous polyps in the colon.

The promoter methylation patterns of these genes were examined in rectal biopsies (mucosa samples) of 97 colorectal adenoma cases and 94 healthy controls using methylation-specific PCR (MSP) assays.

The methylation status of these genes in rectal mucosa biopsies detected by MSP assays may not distinguish between patients with and without adenomas in the colon.

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(PMID = 16820927.001).

[ISSN] 1021-335X

[Journal-full-title] Oncology reports

[ISO-abbreviation] Oncol. Rep.

[Language] ENG

[Grant] United States / NCI NIH HHS / CA / P50 CA095103; United States / NCI NIH HHS / CA / R01 CA097386; United States / NCI NIH HHS / CA / P50 CA95103; United States / NCI NIH HHS / CA / R01CA97386

[Publication-type] Comparative Study; Journal Article; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural

[Publication-country] Greece

[Chemical-registry-number] 0 / Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing; 0 / Carrier Proteins; 0 / MLH1 protein, human; 0 / Nuclear Proteins; EC 2.1.1.63 / O(6)-Methylguanine-DNA Methyltransferase

   

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[Title] [Sessile serrated adenoma: an underdiagnosed colonic polyp].

[Transliterated title] L'adénome dentelé sessile, un polype colique à ne pas méconnaître.

Serrated polyps of the colon represent a large morphological spectrum of lesions.

They comprise the hyperplastic polyp considered as an innocuous lesion for many years, the traditional serrated adenoma presenting a potential of cancerisation and the recently described the sessile serrated adenoma which seems to be a potential precursor of colonic cancer with microsatellite instability and which probably uses an alternate polyp-neoplasia pathway in addition to the classical adenoma-carcinoma sequence.

The aims of this article intend to inform of new concept of colonic carcinogenesis, to be aware of a serrated colonic polyp entity recently described and to use a same nomenclature to facilitate the dialogue between pathologists and clinicians.

[MeSH-major] Adenoma / pathology. Colonic Neoplasms / pathology. Colonic Polyps / pathology

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(PMID = 17726906.001).

[ISSN] 1660-9379

[Journal-full-title] Revue médicale suisse

[ISO-abbreviation] Rev Med Suisse

[Language] fre

[Publication-type] English Abstract; Journal Article; Review

[Publication-country] Switzerland

[Number-of-references] 10

   

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Gardner syndrome is a variant of familial adenomatous polyposis characterized by intestinal adenomatous polyps, which can progress to adenocarcinoma, and a variety of extraintestinal manifestations, including skin cysts, osteomas, soft tissue fibrous tumours and a characteristic ocular lesion.

Gardner syndrome was considered only after excision of subcutaneous fibrous tumours from the mastoid region and paraspinal area and was confirmed by genetic testing in spite of the patient's refusal to undergo colonic endoscopic examination.

Subsequent resection revealed approximately 70 adenomatous colonic polyps in the colon and rectum but no invasive tumour, highlighting the benefits of genetic testing in treatment planning.

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(PMID = 16353862.001).

[ISSN] 1479-666X

[Journal-full-title] The surgeon : journal of the Royal Colleges of Surgeons of Edinburgh and Ireland

[ISO-abbreviation] Surgeon

[Language] eng

[Publication-type] Case Reports; Journal Article

[Publication-country] Scotland

   

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[Title] Colon capsule endoscopy vs. colonoscopy in patients at average or increased risk of colorectal cancer.

BACKGROUND: Colon capsule endoscopy (CCE) is a new, non-invasive technology.

Colon cleanliness was excellent or good in 52% of cases at CCE.

CCE accuracy for the detection of polyps ≥ 6 mm was 39% (95% CI 30-48) for sensitivity, 88% (95% CI 85-91) for specificity, 47% (95% CI 37-57) for positive predictive value and 85% (95% CI 82-88) for negative predictive value.

CCE accuracy was better for the detection of advanced adenoma, in patients with good or excellent cleanliness and after re-interpretation of the CCE videos by an independent expert panel.

Further studies should pay attention to colonic preparation (Clinicaltrial.gov number NCT00436514).

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[Copyright] © 2010 Blackwell Publishing Ltd.

(PMID = 21039676.001).

[ISSN] 1365-2036

[Journal-full-title] Alimentary pharmacology & therapeutics

[ISO-abbreviation] Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther.

[Language] eng

[Databank-accession-numbers] ClinicalTrials.gov/ NCT00436514

[Publication-type] Journal Article; Multicenter Study; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

[Publication-country] England

   

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[Title] [mRNA expression analysis and classification of colonic biopsy samples using oligonucleotide and cDNA microarray techniques].

We have shown that the sequential overexpression of osteopontin and osteonectin mRNAs and proteins significantly correlates with the progression of the colorectal adenoma-dysplasia-carcinoma sequence.

We have identified and validated ten novel markers with continuously increasing mRNA expression in line with the adenoma-dysplasia-carcinoma transition.

We have identified the top 27, 13 and 10 genes associated with adenoma, colorectal cancer, and inflammatory bowel diseases.

[MeSH-major] Biopsy. Cell Transformation, Neoplastic / genetics. Cell Transformation, Neoplastic / metabolism. Colon / metabolism. Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis. Osteonectin / metabolism. Osteopontin / metabolism. RNA, Messenger / metabolism

[MeSH-minor] Adenoma / genetics. Adenoma / metabolism. Carcinoma / genetics. Carcinoma / metabolism. Colorectal Neoplasms / genetics. Colorectal Neoplasms / metabolism. Gene Expression. Humans. Inflammatory Bowel Diseases / genetics. Inflammatory Bowel Diseases / metabolism. Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction. Sequence Analysis, DNA. Up-Regulation

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(PMID = 18617470.001).

[ISSN] 0030-6002

[Journal-full-title] Orvosi hetilap

[ISO-abbreviation] Orv Hetil

[Language] hun

[Publication-type] English Abstract; Journal Article

[Publication-country] Hungary

[Chemical-registry-number] 0 / Osteonectin; 0 / RNA, Messenger; 106441-73-0 / Osteopontin

   

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BACKGROUND: Single-incision laparoscopic surgery is an emerging approach in the field of minimally invasive colon and rectal surgery.

Pathology revealed a sessile tubular adenoma of the cecum.

[MeSH-major] Cecum / surgery. Intestinal Polyps / surgery. Laparoscopy / methods. Robotics / instrumentation. Robotics / methods

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[Copyright] Copyright 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

(PMID = 20665713.001).

[ISSN] 1478-596X

[Journal-full-title] The international journal of medical robotics + computer assisted surgery : MRCAS

[ISO-abbreviation] Int J Med Robot

[Language] eng

[Publication-type] Case Reports; Journal Article

[Publication-country] England

   

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RESULTS: Recql5 deficiency in Apc(min/+) mice resulted in a significant increase in the tumor incidence in both the colon (P = 0.0162) and the small intestine (P < 0.01).

Importantly, since mouse Recql5 and human RECQL5 are highly conserved, these findings also suggest that RECQL5 may be a tumor suppressor for human colon cancer.

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[Cites] Nat Rev Genet. 2001 Mar;2(3):196-206 [11256071.001]

[Cites] J Biol Chem. 2009 Aug 28;284(35):23197-203 [19570979.001]

[Cites] Semin Cancer Biol. 2002 Aug;12(4):261-6 [12147207.001]

[Cites] Nat Rev Cancer. 2002 Dec;2(12):910-7 [12459729.001]

[Cites] Nat Med. 2004 Aug;10(8):789-99 [15286780.001]

[Cites] Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol. 2004;20:337-66 [15473844.001]

[Cites] Trends Genet. 1993 Apr;9(4):138-41 [8516849.001]

[Cites] Cell. 1996 Oct 18;87(2):159-70 [8861899.001]

[Cites] Nature. 1997 Apr 24;386(6627):761, 763 [9126728.001]

[Cites] Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 1998 Jun 29;353(1370):915-23 [9684289.001]

[Cites] Nature. 1998 Dec 17;396(6712):643-9 [9872311.001]

[Cites] Hum Mol Genet. 2005 Mar 15;14(6):813-25 [15703196.001]

[Cites] Mol Cell Biol. 2005 May;25(9):3431-42 [15831450.001]

[Cites] Nat Rev Cancer. 2005 Oct;5(10):773-85 [16195750.001]

[Cites] Genes Dev. 2007 Dec 1;21(23):3073-84 [18003859.001]

[Cites] Biochem J. 2008 Aug 1;413(3):505-16 [18419580.001]

[Cites] Pathol Res Pract. 2008;204(7):479-90 [18538487.001]

[Cites] Mol Biol Cell. 2009 Jan;20(1):114-23 [18987339.001]

[Cites] Trends Mol Med. 2002 Apr;8(4):179-86 [11927276.001]

(PMID = 20333788.001).

[ISSN] 2219-2840

[Journal-full-title] World journal of gastroenterology

[ISO-abbreviation] World J. Gastroenterol.

[Language] ENG

[Grant] United States / NCI NIH HHS / CA / P20 CA103736; United States / NCI NIH HHS / CA / R01 CA88939

[Publication-type] Journal Article; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

[Publication-country] United States

[Chemical-registry-number] 0 / Tumor Suppressor Proteins; EC 3.6.4.12 / RecQ Helicases; EC 5.99.- / Recql5 protein, mouse

[Other-IDs] NLM/ PMC2846253

   

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[Title] Transanal excision of a rectal adenoma using single-access laparoscopic port.

Through this port, insufflation with gas maintained exposure of the surgical site, a 30-degree 5-mm camera, a grasper, and electrocautery were used to remove a large villous adenoma.

[MeSH-major] Adenoma, Villous / surgery. Colectomy / methods. Laparoscopes. Laparoscopy / methods. Rectal Neoplasms / surgery

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(PMID = 20551763.001).

[ISSN] 1530-0358

[Journal-full-title] Diseases of the colon and rectum

[ISO-abbreviation] Dis. Colon Rectum

[Language] eng

[Publication-type] Case Reports; Journal Article

[Publication-country] United States

   

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We silenced NM23-H1 expression in human hepatoma and colon carcinoma cells and methodologically investigated effects on cell-cell adhesion, migration, invasion, and signaling linked to cancer progression.

Analysis of NM23-H1 expression in clinical specimens revealed high expression in premalignant lesions (liver cirrhosis and colon adenoma) and the central body of primary liver or colon tumors, but downregulation at the invasive front of tumors.

[MeSH-minor] Actins / metabolism. Adenocarcinoma / genetics. Adenocarcinoma / metabolism. Adenocarcinoma / pathology. Breast Neoplasms / genetics. Breast Neoplasms / metabolism. Breast Neoplasms / pathology. Carcinoma, Hepatocellular / genetics. Carcinoma, Hepatocellular / metabolism. Carcinoma, Hepatocellular / pathology. Cell Line, Tumor. Cell Movement / genetics. Colonic Neoplasms / genetics. Colonic Neoplasms / metabolism. Colonic Neoplasms / pathology. Cytoskeleton / metabolism. Cytoskeleton / pathology. Gene Silencing. Humans. Liver Neoplasms / genetics. Liver Neoplasms / metabolism. Liver Neoplasms / pathology. Matrix Metalloproteinase 14 / metabolism. Neoplasm Invasiveness. Wnt Proteins / metabolism

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[Copyright] © 2010 AACR.

(PMID = 20841469.001).

[ISSN] 1538-7445

[Journal-full-title] Cancer research

[ISO-abbreviation] Cancer Res.

[Language] eng

[Publication-type] Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

[Publication-country] United States

[Chemical-registry-number] 0 / Actins; 0 / NM23 Nucleoside Diphosphate Kinases; 0 / Wnt Proteins; EC 2.7.4.6 / NME1 protein, human; EC 3.4.24.80 / Matrix Metalloproteinase 14

   

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[Title] Capsule endoscopy versus colonoscopy for the detection of polyps and cancer.

BACKGROUND: An ingestible capsule consisting of an endoscope equipped with a video camera at both ends was designed to explore the colon.

This study compared capsule endoscopy with optical colonoscopy for the detection of colorectal polyps and cancer.

METHODS: We performed a prospective, multicenter study comparing capsule endoscopy with optical colonoscopy (the standard for comparison) in a cohort of patients with known or suspected colonic disease for the detection of colorectal polyps or cancer.

Patients underwent an adapted colon preparation, and colon cleanliness was graded from poor to excellent.

We computed the sensitivity and specificity of capsule endoscopy for polyps, advanced adenoma, and cancer.

The sensitivity and specificity of capsule endoscopy for detecting polyps that were 6 mm in size or bigger were 64% (95% confidence interval [CI], 59 to 72) and 84% (95% CI, 81 to 87), respectively, and for detecting advanced adenoma, the sensitivity and specificity were 73% (95% CI, 61 to 83) and 79% (95% CI, 77 to 81), respectively.

For all lesions, the sensitivity of capsule endoscopy was higher in patients with good or excellent colon cleanliness than in those with fair or poor colon cleanliness.

Mild-to-moderate adverse events were reported in 26 patients (7.9%) and were mostly related to the colon preparation.

CONCLUSIONS: The use of capsule endoscopy of the colon allows visualization of the colonic mucosa in most patients, but its sensitivity for detecting colonic lesions is low as compared with the use of optical colonoscopy. (ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT00604162. )

[MeSH-major] Capsule Endoscopy. Colonic Polyps / diagnosis. Colonoscopy. Colorectal Neoplasms / diagnosis

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[Copyright] 2009 Massachusetts Medical Society

[CommentIn] J R Coll Physicians Edinb. 2011 Jun;41(2):124-5 [21677917.001]

[CommentIn] Ann Intern Med. 2009 Nov 17;151(10):JC5-11 [19920256.001]

[CommentIn] Gastroenterology. 2010 Mar;138(3):1200-2; discussion 1202 [20100447.001]

[CommentIn] N Engl J Med. 2009 Oct 15;361(16):1608; author reply 1609-10 [19842249.001]

[CommentIn] N Engl J Med. 2009 Jul 16;361(3):300-1 [19605836.001]

[CommentIn] N Engl J Med. 2009 Oct 15;361(16):1608-9; author reply 1609-10 [19828540.001]

[ErratumIn] N Engl J Med. 2009 Sep 17;361(12):1220. Navas, Miguel Munoz [corrected to Munoz-Navas, Miguel]

(PMID = 19605831.001).

[ISSN] 1533-4406

[Journal-full-title] The New England journal of medicine

[ISO-abbreviation] N. Engl. J. Med.

[Language] eng

[Databank-accession-numbers] ClinicalTrials.gov/ NCT00604162

[Publication-type] Clinical Trial; Comparative Study; Journal Article; Multicenter Study; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

[Publication-country] United States

   

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He was an older man, who had undergone prostatectomy due prostatic adenoma several years before.

Colon endoscopy was performed in both patients and it revealed colon polyps.

Since Streptococcus bovis infections are associated with colon carcinoma, it is imperative to perform colonoscopy in each patient suffering infection with this germ, and to consider him as a high risk patient for developing colon cancer.

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(PMID = 17087134.001).

[ISSN] 0024-3477

[Journal-full-title] Lijec̆nic̆ki vjesnik

[ISO-abbreviation] Lijec Vjesn

[Language] hrv

[Publication-type] Case Reports; English Abstract; Journal Article

[Publication-country] Croatia

   

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[Title] Chromoendoscopy, narrow-band imaging colonoscopy, and autofluorescence colonoscopy for detection of diminutive colorectal neoplasia in familial adenomatous polyposis.

METHODS: Thirteen patients with adenomatous polyposis were examined by total colonoscopy using an instrument that incorporated both narrow-band and autofluorescence imaging.

Narrow-band imaging depicted a greater number of lesions than did white light in the transverse colon, descending colon, and rectum.

CONCLUSION: Chromoendoscopy is superior to white light colonoscopy, autofluorescence imaging, and narrow-band imaging for detection of diminutive colorectal lesions in adenomatous polyposis.

[MeSH-major] Adenomatous Polyposis Coli / diagnosis. Colonoscopy / methods. Colorectal Neoplasms / diagnosis. Microscopy, Fluorescence / methods. Precancerous Conditions / diagnosis

[MeSH-minor] Adenoma / diagnosis. Adolescent. Adult. Colonoscopes. Coloring Agents. Cross-Sectional Studies. Diagnosis, Differential. Female. Humans. Image Processing, Computer-Assisted. Male. Middle Aged

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(PMID = 19581862.001).

[ISSN] 1530-0358

[Journal-full-title] Diseases of the colon and rectum

[ISO-abbreviation] Dis. Colon Rectum

[Language] eng

[Publication-type] Comparative Study; Journal Article

[Publication-country] United States

[Chemical-registry-number] 0 / Coloring Agents

   

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[Title] Reversal of expression of 15-lipoxygenase-1 to cyclooxygenase-2 is associated with development of colonic cancer.

AIMS: Two different pathways of linoleic acid (LA) metabolism have opposite effects on the development of colonic cancer: a protumoral prostaglandin cascade metabolized by cyclooxygenase (COX)-2, and an antitumoral peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-gamma ligands metabolized by 15-lipooxygenase (LOX)-1.

The aim was to examine the switching of the two LA metabolic pathways in colonic adenomas and carcinomas.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: The expression of 15LOX-1 mRNA and COX-2 protein was examined in 54 adenomas, 21 pTis carcinoma-in-adenoma lesions and 36 pT3/p Stage II carcinomas of the colon by in-situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry, respectively.

RESULTS: 15LOX-1 expression was found in 89% (48 of 54) of adenomas, 43% (nine of 21) of adenomas and 10% (two of 21) of carcinomas in carcinoma-in-adenoma lesions, but not in pT3 carcinomas (P < 0.0001).

In contrast, COX-2 production was found in 11% (six of 54) of adenomas, 52% (11 of 21) of adenomas and 71% (15 of 21) of carcinomas in carcinoma-in-adenoma lesions, and 92% (33 of 36) of pT3 carcinomas (P < 0.0001).

Concurrence of 15LOX-1 down-regulation and COX-2 up-regulation was found in 6% (three of 54) of adenomas, 33% (seven of 21) of adenomas and 71% (15 of 21) of carcinomas in carcinoma-in-adenoma lesions, and 92% (33 of 36) of pT3 carcinomas (P < 0.0001).

CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that switching of LA metabolism by reversal of the expression of 15LOX-1 and COX-2 is associated with acquisition of malignant potential in colonic neoplasia.

[MeSH-major] Adenoma / metabolism. Arachidonate 15-Lipoxygenase / metabolism. Carcinoma / metabolism. Colonic Neoplasms / metabolism. Cyclooxygenase 2 / metabolism

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(PMID = 17711445.001).

[ISSN] 0309-0167

[Journal-full-title] Histopathology

[ISO-abbreviation] Histopathology

[Language] eng

[Publication-type] Journal Article

[Publication-country] England

[Chemical-registry-number] 0 / RNA, Messenger; 9KJL21T0QJ / Linoleic Acid; EC 1.13.11.33 / Arachidonate 15-Lipoxygenase; EC 1.14.99.1 / Cyclooxygenase 2

   

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[Title] Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug use after 3 years of aspirin use and colorectal adenoma risk: observational follow-up of a randomized study.

BACKGROUND: Frequent use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) has been shown to reduce the risk of colorectal adenomas in randomized trials.

METHODS: We used data from the Aspirin/Folate Polyp Prevention Study (AFPPS), in which 1121 subjects were randomly assigned to receive placebo or aspirin (81 or 325 mg/d) for 3 years.

The primary outcomes were all adenomas and advanced lesions.

The protective effect of 81 mg of aspirin for colorectal adenomas persisted with continued posttreatment NSAID use.

The risk of any adenoma among frequent NSAID users was 26.8% vs 39.9% among placebo subjects who later used NSAIDs sporadically (adjusted relative risk = 0.62, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.39 to 0.98; P(trend) with NSAID use frequency = .03).

[MeSH-major] Adenoma / prevention & control. Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / administration & dosage. Anticarcinogenic Agents / administration & dosage. Aspirin / administration & dosage. Colorectal Neoplasms / prevention & control

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(PMID = 19211442.001).

[ISSN] 1460-2105

[Journal-full-title] Journal of the National Cancer Institute

[ISO-abbreviation] J. Natl. Cancer Inst.

[Language] eng

[Grant] United States / NCI NIH HHS / CA / CA 098286; United States / NCI NIH HHS / CA / P30 CA023108; United States / NCI NIH HHS / CA / CA 046927; United States / NCI NIH HHS / CA / U01 CA046927; United States / NCI NIH HHS / CA / R01 CA059005

[Publication-type] Journal Article; Multicenter Study; Randomized Controlled Trial; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural

[Publication-country] United States

[Chemical-registry-number] 0 / Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; 0 / Anticarcinogenic Agents; R16CO5Y76E / Aspirin

[Other-IDs] NLM/ PMC2644329

   

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[Title] Deletion hotspots in AMACR promoter CpG island are cis-regulatory elements controlling the gene expression in the colon.

Alpha-methylacyl-coenzyme A racemase (AMACR) regulates peroxisomal beta-oxidation of phytol-derived, branched-chain fatty acids from red meat and dairy products -- suspected risk factors for colon carcinoma (CCa).

By using a panel of immunostained-laser-capture-microdissected clinical samples comprising the entire colon adenoma-carcinoma sequence, we show that deregulation of AMACR during colon carcinogenesis involves two nonrandom events, resulting in the mutually exclusive existence of double-deletion at CG3 and CG10 and deletion of CG12-16 in a newly identified CpG island within the core promoter of AMACR.

It existed in histologically normal colonic glands and tubular adenomas with low AMACR expression and was absent in villous adenomas and all CCas expressing variable levels of AMACR.

Our findings identified key in vivo events and novel transcription factors responsible for AMACR regulation in CCas and suggested these AMACR deletions may have diagnostic/prognostic value for colon carcinogenesis.

[MeSH-major] Colon / enzymology. Colonic Neoplasms / genetics. CpG Islands / genetics. Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic. Promoter Regions, Genetic. Racemases and Epimerases / genetics

[MeSH-minor] Adenoma, Villous / genetics. Adenoma, Villous / metabolism. Adenoma, Villous / pathology. Base Sequence. Binding Sites. Cell Differentiation. Cell Line, Tumor. Humans. Molecular Sequence Data. Polymorphism, Genetic. Repressor Proteins / metabolism. Sequence Deletion / genetics. Transcription, Genetic

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(PMID = 19148275.001).

[ISSN] 1553-7404

[Journal-full-title] PLoS genetics

[ISO-abbreviation] PLoS Genet.

[Language] eng

[Grant] United States / NCI NIH HHS / CA / CA112532; United States / NCI NIH HHS / CA / R01 CA112532; United States / NIEHS NIH HHS / ES / P30 ES006096; United States / NCI NIH HHS / CA / R01 CA015776; United States / NCI NIH HHS / CA / CA015776; United States / NCI NIH HHS / CA / R01 CA062269; United States / NCI NIH HHS / CA / CA062269

[Publication-type] Journal Article; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.

[Publication-country] United States

[Chemical-registry-number] 0 / Repressor Proteins; 0 / ZNF202 protein, human; EC 5.1.- / Racemases and Epimerases; EC 5.1.99.4 / alpha-methylacyl-CoA racemase

[Other-IDs] NLM/ PMC2613032

   

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Colorectal epithelial neoplasia (CR-EN), both adenoma and adenocarcinoma, may develop from the essential tubules of the colorectum.

In order to conclude the carcinogenesis of the colorectal cancer more clearly, the biological features including the genetic abnormality of the nonneoplastic mucosal epithelium of colon and rectum, which coexist in connection with CR-EN, should be investigated.

In this review, the importance of Paneth cell metaplasia of colorectum as one of the original mucosal regions of the development of CR-EN, and the new hypothesis on the development of CR-EN (nonspecific inflammation - colorectal Paneth cell metaplasia - colorectal epithelial neoplasia) are examined.

[MeSH-major] Adenocarcinoma / pathology. Adenoma / pathology. Colorectal Neoplasms / pathology. Paneth Cells / pathology

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[Copyright] Copyright 2009 S. Karger AG, Basel.

(PMID = 19153484.001).

[ISSN] 1421-9867

[Journal-full-title] Digestion

[ISO-abbreviation] Digestion

[Language] eng

[Publication-type] Journal Article; Review

[Publication-country] Switzerland

[Number-of-references] 19

   

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[Title] Immunocytochemical localization of lymphatic and venous vessels in colonic polyps and adenomas.

Using lymphatic vessels endothelial hyaluronan receptor-1 (LYVE-1) immunocytochemical staining, hyperplastic polyps, tubular adenomas to villous adenomas, were investigated for lymphatic vessels compared with immunostained blood vessels using factor-8.

Four cases each of hyperplastic polyps, tubular adenomas to villous adenomas, were routinely fixed in formalin and embedded in paraffin and were immunostained using goat anti-LYVE-1 for lymphatic vessels and rabbit anti-factor-8 for blood vessels.

In normal colon and hyperplastic polyps, slender lymphatic vessels were noted in muscularis mucosa, which spread into the base of colonic crypt, whereas round venous vessels, they extend into lamina propria.

In tubular adenomas, small lymphatic and venous vessels were noted in broad fibrous stalks.

In villous adenomas, smaller lymphatic and venous vessels were noted in fine intervillous stroma.

In normal colon and hyperplastic polyps, slender, irregularly shaped lymphatic vessels were present in muscularis mucosa, spreading into the base of the colonic crypt.

In tubular adenomas, small lymphatic and venous vessels were noted in fibrous stalks.

In villous adenomas, smaller lymphatic and venous vessels were noted in intervillous stroma.

There are no increased lymphatic and venous vessels in intermucosal stroma and stalks of adenomas compared with normal colon.

[MeSH-major] Adenoma / blood supply. Colonic Neoplasms / blood supply. Colonic Polyps. Immunohistochemistry / methods. Lymphatic Vessels. Veins

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(PMID = 17990106.001).

[ISSN] 0163-2116

[Journal-full-title] Digestive diseases and sciences

[ISO-abbreviation] Dig. Dis. Sci.

[Language] eng

[Publication-type] Journal Article

[Publication-country] United States

[Chemical-registry-number] 0 / LYVE1 protein, human; 0 / Vesicular Transport Proteins

   

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[Title] Sporadic colon cancer: mismatch repair immunohistochemistry and microsatellite instability in Omani subjects.

We assessed colonic cancers in an attempt to identify tumors with DNA MMR deficiency and microsatellite instability (MSI).

Colon cancer tissue was assayed using immunohistochemistry for expression of hMLH1 and hMSH2, and a panel of five pairs of microsatellite primers (NR21, NR22, NR24, BAT25, and BAT26) for MSI-H analysis and additional dinucleotide markers (D17S250, D5S346, and D2S123) used for MSI-L.

The methylation status of the p16 promoter was determined by methylation-specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR).

The information currently available indicates that there is an incidence of 4.7% colon cancer (49/1036) and 12.1% (126/1290) colon adenoma among the cases who underwent colonoscopy at these centers.

[MeSH-major] Adenoma / genetics. Colonic Neoplasms / genetics. Colorectal Neoplasms / genetics. DNA Mismatch Repair. Microsatellite Instability

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(PMID = 18299982.001).

[ISSN] 0163-2116

[Journal-full-title] Digestive diseases and sciences

[ISO-abbreviation] Dig. Dis. Sci.

[Language] eng

[Grant] United States / NCI NIH HHS / CA / CA102681

[Publication-type] Journal Article; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

[Publication-country] United States

[Chemical-registry-number] 0 / Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing; 0 / MLH1 protein, human; 0 / Mucins; 0 / Nuclear Proteins; EC 3.6.1.3 / MSH2 protein, human; EC 3.6.1.3 / MutL Protein Homolog 1; EC 3.6.1.3 / MutS Homolog 2 Protein

   

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[Title] Overexpression of human X-box binding protein 1 (XBP-1) in colorectal adenomas and adenocarcinomas.

Recently, overexpression of XBP-1 has been reported in breast cancer including non-invasive carcinomas, and was suggested to play an important role in breast carcinogenesis.

To investigate the involvement of XBP-1 in colorectal tumorigenecity, the expression of XBP-1 was examined in four colon cancer cell lines, six colorectal polyps and five colorectal carcinomas.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study population consisted of eleven patients who had undergone resection for colorectal cancer or adenoma from 2000 to 2002.

Four colon cancer cell lines, DLD1, SW480, HCT15 and WiDr, were also analyzed for expression of XBP-1.

Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction was performed using eleven primary colon tumors.

RESULTS: The XBP-1 gene was overexpressed in four cases out of five primary colorectal carcinomas and in four cases out of six colorectal adenomas.

Immunohistochemical staining demonstrated that XBP-1 protein was strongly stained in the cytoplasms of cancer cells, whereas it was unreactive in the normal colon epithelial cells and stromal cells.

CONCLUSION: These data indicate that increased expression of XBP-1 gene may play some role in human colon carcinogenesis through impairment of cell differentiation regulation.

[MeSH-major] Adenocarcinoma / metabolism. Adenoma / metabolism. Colorectal Neoplasms / metabolism. DNA-Binding Proteins / biosynthesis. Nuclear Proteins / biosynthesis

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(PMID = 17352224.001).

[ISSN] 0250-7005

[Journal-full-title] Anticancer research

[ISO-abbreviation] Anticancer Res.

[Language] eng

[Publication-type] Journal Article

[Publication-country] Greece

[Chemical-registry-number] 0 / DNA-Binding Proteins; 0 / Nuclear Proteins; 0 / RNA, Messenger; 0 / Transcription Factors; 0 / regulatory factor X transcription factors

   

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[Title] Characteristics of metachronous colorectal adenomas found during long-term follow-up: analysis of four subsequent generations of adenoma recurrence.

OBJECTIVE: Because of the high recurrence rates of colorectal adenomas, regular surveillance by colonoscopy has been recommended, but there is still a dearth of information on the long-term results of follow-up colonoscopy after polypectomy.

The aims of this study were to determine the differences between initial adenomas and metachronous lesions, to evaluate the effect of long-term surveillance and to describe the hypothetical origin of the colorectal adenoma-carcinoma sequence.

MATERIAL AND METHODS: Between 1978 and 2003 a total of 1091 patients undergoing periodic surveillance examinations were prospectively documented at the Erlangen Registry of Colorectal Polyps.

Statistical analysis using chi(2) testing of adenoma characteristics found in four subsequent recurrence periods was carried out, and the relative risk (RR) for the development of metachronous adenomas of advanced pathology was calculated.

RESULTS: In comparison with the initial findings, metachronous adenomas are generally significantly smaller lesions (p<0.00001), usually tubular in shape (p<0.00001) and bearing high-grade dysplasia less often (p<0.00001) and are usually located in the right colon (p<0.00001).

These differences are found between the initial and four subsequent generations of metachronous adenomas.

The number of synchronous adenomas is reduced only in the first recurrence (p<0.001); in the further generations equal proportions of multiplicity are found, as in the baseline examination.

Patients with adenomas of advanced pathology, i.e. large, tubulovillous or villous adenomas at baseline, have a significantly higher risk for large (RR 2.73; 95% CI 1.77-4.20), tubulovillous or villous (RR 1.55; 95% CI 1.06-2.25) or multiple (RR 2.45; 95% CI 1.83-3.29) metachronous adenomas at the first recurrence.

CONCLUSIONS: Metachronous adenomas show the uniform characteristics of being small tubular lesions rarely bearing high-grade dysplasia, usually located in the right colon.

[MeSH-major] Adenoma / pathology. Colorectal Neoplasms / pathology. Neoplasms, Second Primary

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(PMID = 19277927.001).

[ISSN] 1502-7708

[Journal-full-title] Scandinavian journal of gastroenterology

[ISO-abbreviation] Scand. J. Gastroenterol.

[Language] eng

[Publication-type] Comparative Study; Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

[Publication-country] Norway

   

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[Title] A case of primary squamous cell colon cancer.

Carcinomas of the colon are a common cancer seen in both inpatient and outpatient settings with approximately 145,000 new cases being diagnosed every year in the USA.

Despite the frequency of these cancers being seen, it continues to be a rarity to see a primary squamous cell cancer of the colon.

While the exact aetiology of this rare tumour is currently still not completely understood, various aetiologies include chronic irritation leading to squamous differentiation, embryonic migration of ectodermal cells to the colon, or adenomas undergoing squamous transformation.

[MeSH-major] Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / pathology. Colonic Neoplasms / pathology

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(PMID = 17621567.001).

[ISSN] 1078-1552

[Journal-full-title] Journal of oncology pharmacy practice : official publication of the International Society of Oncology Pharmacy Practitioners

[ISO-abbreviation] J Oncol Pharm Pract

[Language] eng

[Publication-type] Case Reports; Journal Article

[Publication-country] England

   

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RESULTS: Colon preparation resulted in clear bowels in 76.31 % of patients, liquid residues in 22.22 %, and dirty bowels in 1.47 %.

[MeSH-minor] Acute Disease. Adenoma / diagnosis. Aged. Colon / injuries. Colonic Neoplasms / diagnosis. Colonic Polyps / surgery. Female. Heart Diseases / etiology. Hemorrhage / etiology. Humans. Intestinal Perforation / etiology. Male. Middle Aged. Respiration Disorders / etiology. Risk Factors

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[Copyright] Georg Thieme Verlag KG Stuttgart New York.

(PMID = 19856246.001).

[ISSN] 1438-8812

[Journal-full-title] Endoscopy

[ISO-abbreviation] Endoscopy

[Language] eng

[Publication-type] Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

[Publication-country] Germany

   

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[Title] Tumor-to-tumor metastasis to a thyroid follicular adenoma as the initial presentation of a colonic adenocarcinoma.

Herein is described the case of a 59-year-old woman whose thyroid nodule (a follicular adenoma) was resected and found to contain foci of a well-differentiated adenocarcinoma with a morphologic and immunohistochemical profile consistent with origination from the lower gastrointestinal tract.

Subsequent diagnostic work-up revealed a sigmoid colon tumor with metastases to the liver.

This is, to the authors' knowledge, the first reported example of a colon adenocarcinoma whose initial clinical manifestation was a metastasis to a thyroid neoplasm and only the third reported example of a colonic adenocarcinoma metastatic to a thyroid tumor.

[MeSH-major] Adenocarcinoma / secondary. Adenoma / pathology. Colonic Neoplasms / pathology. Thyroid Neoplasms / secondary

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(PMID = 16143033.001).

[ISSN] 1320-5463

[Journal-full-title] Pathology international

[ISO-abbreviation] Pathol. Int.

[Language] eng

[Publication-type] Case Reports; Journal Article; Review

[Publication-country] Australia

[Chemical-registry-number] 0 / Antineoplastic Agents; 0 / Biomarkers, Tumor

[Number-of-references] 23

   

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Colonoscopy has changed since it was first introduced 50 years ago, with glass fibers being replaced by video electronics, the addition of water jets, better illumination, and the use of filters to enhance visual identification of polyps.

In spite of these improvements, polyps and tumors of the colon are still overlooked even by the most meticulous examiner.

The Third Eye Retroscope is a device that, in conjunction with the video colonoscope, may be able to find virtually all lesions in the colon.

This novel device is described here and presents a new way to look into the colon.

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(PMID = 21103444.001).

[ISSN] 1554-7914

[Journal-full-title] Gastroenterology & hepatology

[ISO-abbreviation] Gastroenterol Hepatol (N Y)

[Language] eng

[Publication-type] Journal Article

[Publication-country] United States

[Other-IDs] NLM/ PMC2978415

[Keywords] NOTNLM ; Retroscope / Third Eye Retroscope / adenoma / colonoscopy / polyps / retroversion / screening / surveillance

   

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[Title] Clinicopathologic and immunohistochemical study of small apparently "de novo" colorectal adenocarcinomas.

Rarely, adenocarcinomas of the colorectum develop as small (< or =1.0 cm) rapidly invasive tumors without an obvious adenomatous or "in situ" component.

These tumors have been termed "de novo" carcinomas.

The aim of this study was to evaluate and compare the pathologic features, biologic characteristics, and natural history of small apparently de novo invasive colorectal adenocarcinomas with conventional large (>1.0 cm) carcinomas.

Routinely processed specimens from 20 patients (M/F ratio: 13/7; mean age: 65 y) with small apparently de novo invasive colorectal adenocarcinomas (all < or =1.0 cm in size) were evaluated for a variety of clinical and pathologic features.

Small apparently de novo invasive adenocarcinomas were present in the left colon, transverse colon, and right colon in 85%, 10%, and 5% of cases, respectively.

Upon complete sectioning of the tissue blocks of tumor, residual foci of adenomatous epithelium were present in 16/20 (80%) cases, of which 75% contained foci of high-grade dysplasia.

In our patient population, true small de novo colorectal adenocarcinomas, tumors that lack an identifiable adenomatous component, are exceedingly rare, because complete tissue sectioning reveals residual adenomatous tissue in the majority of cases.

The biologic characteristics and natural history of small carcinomas with a minimal dysplastic component, and those with no identifiable adenomatous component, are similar to conventional large (>1 cm) adenocarcinomas, and, thus, they should probably be treated similarly.

[MeSH-major] Adenocarcinoma / pathology. Adenoma / pathology. Colorectal Neoplasms / pathology

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(PMID = 17255765.001).

[ISSN] 0147-5185

[Journal-full-title] The American journal of surgical pathology

[ISO-abbreviation] Am. J. Surg. Pathol.

[Language] eng

[Publication-type] Comparative Study; Journal Article

[Publication-country] United States

[Chemical-registry-number] 0 / Biomarkers, Tumor

   

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Aberrant Wnt/beta-catenin signaling following loss of the tumor suppressor adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) is thought to initiate colon adenoma formation.

However, examination of tumors from familial adenomatous polyposis coli (FAP) patients has failed to confirm the presence of nuclear beta-catenin in early lesions following APC loss despite robust staining in later lesions.

This observation presents the possibility that colon adenomas arise through a beta-catenin-independent function of APC.

Though there are currently contrasting models to explain colon tumorigenesis, our goal is to begin to reconcile data from multiple different model systems and provide a functional view into the initiation and progression of colon cancer.

[MeSH-major] Adenomatous Polyposis Coli / pathology. Cell Differentiation / physiology. Colorectal Neoplasms / pathology

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(PMID = 19597346.001).

[ISSN] 1551-4005

[Journal-full-title] Cell cycle (Georgetown, Tex.)

[ISO-abbreviation] Cell Cycle

[Language] eng

[Publication-type] Journal Article; Review

[Publication-country] United States

[Number-of-references] 94

   

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[Title] The indirect role of site distribution in high-grade dysplasia in adenomatous colorectal polyps.

BACKGROUND: The appropriate application of Endoscopic modalities for polypectomy depends on the likelihood that the adenoma in question harbors invasive cancer.

While prior studies have evaluated polyp size and morphology in assessing the risk of malignancy, in recent decay some authorities have paid more attention to dysplasia.

All in all, the relative risk of cancer based on polyp distribution in correlation with dysplasia has not been statistically studied which is done in our study.

METHODS AND MATERIALS: Between June 2001 and March 2004, the distribution of 130 adenomatous polyps was compared with synchronous invasive or in situ cancer.

Factors such as Patient age, Patients gender, location of lesion, size of polyp, histological subtype of adenoma on biopsy, degree of dysplasia, synchronous cancer, color of polyp, and number of polyps were included in the data collection.

CONCLUSION: Lesions greater than 1 cm in diameter with high-grade dysplasia after splenic flexure should be managed as presumptive malignancies with segmental colon resection.

[MeSH-major] Adenomatous Polyps / pathology. Colorectal Neoplasms / pathology

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(PMID = 17998654.001).

[ISSN] 1998-4138

[Journal-full-title] Journal of cancer research and therapeutics

[ISO-abbreviation] J Cancer Res Ther

[Language] eng

[Publication-type] Journal Article

[Publication-country] India

   

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[Title] Do sporadic Peutz-Jeghers polyps exist? Experience of a large teaching hospital.

Most types of sporadic gastrointestinal (GI) polyps vastly outnumber their syndromic counterparts.

In contrast, the incidence of sporadic Peutz-Jeghers polyps (PJP) is unknown.

The pathology database of a large hospital was searched for "Peutz-Jeghers polyp(s)," yielding 121 polyps from 38 patients.

The polyps were reviewed by 3 pathologists to confirm the diagnosis.

Of the 102 polyps included after histologic review, 94 polyps arose in patients meeting the World Health Organization criteria for PJS.

These PJS polyps were eliminated from further analysis.

Of the 8 potential sporadic PJP, only 3 polyps from 3 patients had unequivocal PJP histologic features, all from the small intestine.

The 5 remaining patients each had a colonic polyp with features suggestive, but not definitely diagnostic of, PJP.

One patient had a history of high-grade dysplasia in a tubulovillous adenoma in the colon at 53 years, but no family cancer history.

Another had a history of pituitary adenoma at age 39, and the last had ductal breast carcinoma diagnosed 4 years before the discovery of the polyp.

[MeSH-major] Hospitals, Teaching. Intestinal Polyps / pathology. Peutz-Jeghers Syndrome / pathology

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(PMID = 17667545.001).

[ISSN] 0147-5185

[Journal-full-title] The American journal of surgical pathology

[ISO-abbreviation] Am. J. Surg. Pathol.

[Language] eng

[Publication-type] Journal Article

[Publication-country] United States

   

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[Title] Up-regulation of CYP26A1 in adenomatous polyposis coli-deficient vertebrates via a WNT-dependent mechanism: implications for intestinal cell differentiation and colon tumor development.

Mutations in the adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) tumor suppressor gene seem to underlie the initiation of many colorectal carcinomas.

Paradoxically, however, previous studies found that dietary supplementation of Apc(MIN) mice with retinoic acid failed to abrogate adenoma formation.

While investigating the above finding, we found that expression of CYP26A1, a major retinoic acid catabolic enzyme, was up-regulated in Apc(MIN) mouse adenomas, human FAP adenomas, human sporadic colon carcinomas, and in the intestine of apc(mcr) mutant zebrafish embryos.

[MeSH-major] Adenomatous Polyposis Coli Protein / deficiency. Colonic Neoplasms / metabolism. Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System / biosynthesis. Intestines / pathology. Wnt Proteins / metabolism

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(PMID = 16885356.001).

[ISSN] 0008-5472

[Journal-full-title] Cancer research

[ISO-abbreviation] Cancer Res.

[Language] eng

[Publication-type] Journal Article; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

[Publication-country] United States

[Chemical-registry-number] 0 / Adenomatous Polyposis Coli Protein; 0 / Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme Inhibitors; 0 / Morpholines; 0 / Oligonucleotides; 0 / Wnt Proteins; 5688UTC01R / Tretinoin; 9035-51-2 / Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System; EC 1.14.14.1 / retinoic acid 4-hydroxylase

   

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[Title] Oxidative stress and 8-oxoguanine repair are enhanced in colon adenoma and carcinoma patients.

Oxidative stress is involved in the pathogenesis of colon cancer.

In the examined groups of patients with colorectal cancer (CRC, n = 89), benign adenoma (AD, n = 77) and healthy volunteers (controls, n = 99), we measured: vitamins A, C and E in blood plasma, 8-oxo-7,8-dihydro-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-oxodG) and 8-oxo-7,8-dihydroguanine (8-oxoGua) in leukocytes and urine, leukocyte 8-oxoGua excision activity, mRNA levels of APE1, OGG1, 8-oxo-7,8-dihydrodeoxyguanosine 5'-triphosphate pyrophosphohydrolase (MTH1) and OGG1 polymorphism.

The vitamin levels decreased gradually in AD and CRC patients.

8-OxodG increased in leukocytes and urine of CRC and AD patients.

8-OxoGua excision was higher in CRC patients than in controls, in spite of higher frequency of the OGG1 Cys326Cys genotype, encoding a glycosylase with decreased activity. mRNA levels of OGG1 and APE1 increased in CRC and AD patients, which could explain increased 8-oxoGua excision rate in CRC patients.

The results suggest that oxidative stress occurs in CRC and AD individuals.

[MeSH-major] Adenoma / metabolism. Carcinoma / metabolism. Colonic Neoplasms / metabolism. DNA Repair / genetics. Deoxyguanosine / analogs & derivatives. Oxidative Stress / genetics

[MeSH-minor] Adenomatous Polyps / blood. Adenomatous Polyps / metabolism. Adult. Aged. Aging / genetics. Antioxidants / metabolism. Case-Control Studies. DNA Glycosylases / genetics. DNA Glycosylases / metabolism. DNA Repair Enzymes / genetics. DNA Repair Enzymes / metabolism. DNA, Neoplasm / metabolism. DNA-(Apurinic or Apyrimidinic Site) Lyase / genetics. DNA-(Apurinic or Apyrimidinic Site) Lyase / metabolism. Female. Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic. Humans. Male. Middle Aged. Neoplasm Staging. Phosphoric Monoester Hydrolases / genetics. Phosphoric Monoester Hydrolases / metabolism. Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide / genetics. RNA, Messenger / genetics. RNA, Messenger / metabolism. Sex Characteristics. Smoking / adverse effects. Smoking / genetics

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(PMID = 20534734.001).

[ISSN] 1464-3804

[Journal-full-title] Mutagenesis

[ISO-abbreviation] Mutagenesis

[Language] eng

[Publication-type] Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

[Publication-country] England

[Chemical-registry-number] 0 / Antioxidants; 0 / DNA, Neoplasm; 0 / RNA, Messenger; 88847-89-6 / 8-oxo-7-hydrodeoxyguanosine; EC 3.1.3.- / Phosphoric Monoester Hydrolases; EC 3.1.6.- / 8-oxodGTPase; EC 3.2.2.- / DNA Glycosylases; EC 3.2.2.- / oxoguanine glycosylase 1, human; EC 4.2.99.18 / APEX1 protein, human; EC 4.2.99.18 / DNA-(Apurinic or Apyrimidinic Site) Lyase; EC 6.5.1.- / DNA Repair Enzymes; G9481N71RO / Deoxyguanosine

   

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BACKGROUND: India ink has been commonly used for preoperative colonic tattooing, but various complications have been reported.

[MeSH-major] Adenoma / surgery. Carcinoma / surgery. Colonoscopy. Colorectal Neoplasms / surgery. Coloring Agents. Indocyanine Green

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(PMID = 18443867.001).

[ISSN] 1432-2218

[Journal-full-title] Surgical endoscopy

[ISO-abbreviation] Surg Endosc

[Language] eng

[Publication-type] Clinical Trial; Journal Article

[Publication-country] Germany

[Chemical-registry-number] 0 / Coloring Agents; IX6J1063HV / Indocyanine Green

   

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[Title] Recurrent Klebsiella pneumoniae liver abscess in a diabetic patient followed by Streptococcus bovis endocarditis--occult colon tumor plays an important role.

The patient later developed Streptococcus bovis bacteremia originating from a colon tumor with complications of endocarditis, osteomyelitis, and silent splenic abscess.

Occult colon tumor may have played an important role in our case, with recurrent infection arising from colonizers of the gastrointestinal tract.

As our case shows, the possible association between occult colon tumor and K. pneumoniae liver abscess in diabetic patients should be surveyed.

[MeSH-major] Colonic Neoplasms / complications. Endocarditis, Bacterial / microbiology. Klebsiella Infections / etiology. Liver Abscess / microbiology. Streptococcal Infections / etiology

[MeSH-minor] Adenoma, Villous / complications. Aged. Anti-Bacterial Agents / therapeutic use. Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / complications. Humans. Klebsiella pneumoniae / isolation & purification. Male. Streptococcus bovis / isolation & purification

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(PMID = 15858282.001).

[ISSN] 1344-6304

[Journal-full-title] Japanese journal of infectious diseases

[ISO-abbreviation] Jpn. J. Infect. Dis.

[Language] eng

[Publication-type] Case Reports; Journal Article

[Publication-country] Japan

[Chemical-registry-number] 0 / Anti-Bacterial Agents

   

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[Transliterated title] Precisión diagnóstica de la calprotectina fecal para predecir una colonoscopia patológica.

The colonoscopy is the gold standard method of detecting an organic pathology in the colon.

Fecal calprotectin (FCP) is a marker that may detect organic pathologies of the colon.

People were divided in: normal colonoscopy: 117 people, and 28 colon adenomas, 20 colorectal cancer (CRC) and 25 IBD.

217 mg/kg was the best cut-off for discriminating patients with organic colon disorders.

The measurement of FCP is a non-invasive, inexpensive, reliable and easily measured test.

[MeSH-major] Colonic Diseases / diagnosis. Colonic Neoplasms / diagnosis. Colonoscopy. Feces / chemistry. Inflammatory Bowel Diseases / diagnosis. Leukocyte L1 Antigen Complex / analysis

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(PMID = 16801001.001).

[ISSN] 0025-7753

[Journal-full-title] Medicina clínica

[ISO-abbreviation] Med Clin (Barc)

[Language] spa

[Publication-type] Clinical Trial; English Abstract; Journal Article

[Publication-country] Spain

[Chemical-registry-number] 0 / Leukocyte L1 Antigen Complex

   

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[Title] Prospective observation of small adenomas in patients after colorectal cancer surgery through magnification chromocolonoscopy.

PURPOSE: This study was designed to confirm the safety of not removing small adenoma in patients who undergo colorectal cancer surgery.

Benign adenomas of 6 mm or less in size, diagnosed based on both nonmagnified and magnified observation, were left unresected with a maximum of three polyps per patient.

The sites of the polyps were marked by tattooing.

In follow-up, polyps were removed if they grew larger than 6 mm, were suspicious for high-grade dysplasia, or the patients requested to have polyps removal.

RESULTS: Five hundred polyps in 284 patients met the above criteria and were not resected, and 412 polyps were followed by repeat colonoscopy.

At the final colonoscopy, 71 percent of 412 polyps showed no change in size, 15 percent increased, 3 percent decreased, and 11 percent could not be identified.

Eighty-eight polyps were resected endoscopically, and histology showed neither cancer nor adenomas with high-grade dysplasia.

Two hundred fifty-five polyps detected in the same patient cohort during index/repeat colonoscopy were removed, including four adenomas with high-grade dysplasia and two T1 cancers.

CONCLUSIONS: Leaving small polyps is safe even in patients who have undergone colorectal cancer surgery, provided that careful observation is guaranteed.

[MeSH-major] Adenoma / diagnosis. Colonic Polyps / surgery. Colonoscopy / methods. Digestive System Surgical Procedures / methods. Neoplasms, Second Primary / diagnosis. Postoperative Care / methods

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(PMID = 18176829.001).

[ISSN] 0012-3706

[Journal-full-title] Diseases of the colon and rectum

[ISO-abbreviation] Dis. Colon Rectum

[Language] eng

[Publication-type] Comparative Study; Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

[Publication-country] United States

   

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Esophagogastroduodenoscopy, video capsule endoscopy and colonoscopy revealed various sizes of generalized gastrointestinal polyps.

Histological examination of the biopsy specimens obtained from the stomach and the colon showed adenomatous polyp and inflammatory polyp respectively.

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(PMID = 20955587.001).

[ISSN] 1471-230X

[Journal-full-title] BMC gastroenterology

[ISO-abbreviation] BMC Gastroenterol

[Language] eng

[Publication-type] Case Reports; Journal Article

[Publication-country] England

[Other-IDs] NLM/ PMC2972238

   

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MYH associated polyposis is a hereditary syndrome responsible for early colorectal cancer with a distinct genetic pathway from the Familial Adenomatous Polyposis or the Hereditary Non Polyposis Colorectal Cancer syndrome.

One patient who developed colon cancer had loss of expression of MLH1 on tumoral tissue and microsatellite instability (MSI) phenotype.

[MeSH-major] Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing / genetics. Adenoma / genetics. Adenomatous Polyposis Coli / genetics. Colorectal Neoplasms / genetics. DNA Glycosylases / genetics. Genes, APC. Mutation / genetics. Nuclear Proteins / genetics

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(PMID = 20640893.001).

[ISSN] 1573-7292

[Journal-full-title] Familial cancer

[ISO-abbreviation] Fam. Cancer

[Language] eng

[Publication-type] Journal Article

[Publication-country] Netherlands

[Chemical-registry-number] 0 / Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing; 0 / DNA, Neoplasm; 0 / MLH1 protein, human; 0 / Nuclear Proteins; EC 3.2.2.- / DNA Glycosylases; EC 3.2.2.- / mutY adenine glycosylase; EC 3.6.1.3 / MutL Protein Homolog 1

   

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Colon cancer is the third most common malignancy in the USA with 154,000 new cases and 52,000 deaths in 2007.

Routine CT colonography imaging of the insufflated colon was performed in both the supine and the prone positions with oral contrast.

Each patient was classified into groups based on the quality/adequacy of the examination, presence, number, and size of polyps.

[MeSH-major] Colonic Neoplasms / radiography. Colonography, Computed Tomographic. Colonoscopy

[MeSH-minor] Adenocarcinoma / radiography. Adenoma / radiography. Colitis / radiography. Colonic Polyps / pathology. Colonic Polyps / surgery. Humans. Hyperplasia. Image Processing, Computer-Assisted. Lipoma / radiography. Patient Acceptance of Health Care

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[Copyright] Copyright © 2010 Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved.

(PMID = 20875613.001).

[ISSN] 1535-6302

[Journal-full-title] Current problems in diagnostic radiology

[ISO-abbreviation] Curr Probl Diagn Radiol

[Language] eng

[Publication-type] Journal Article; Review

[Publication-country] United States

   

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30.9% of the lesions were located in the rectum, 19.9% in the sigmoid, 9.0% in the descending colon, 5.2% the in splenic flexure, 9.1% in the transverse colon, 6.1% in the hepatic flexure, 11.8% in the ascending colon,and 8.1% in the caecum.

37.6% of the cases were complicated with extra- intestinal lesions,and 43.7% adenoma or polyps.

Histological type was the same in 60.6% of the cases,and adenocarcinoma accounted for 89.2% and cancerization of adenoma 8.4%.

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(PMID = 16721683.001).

[ISSN] 1671-0274

[Journal-full-title] Zhonghua wei chang wai ke za zhi = Chinese journal of gastrointestinal surgery

[ISO-abbreviation] Zhonghua Wei Chang Wai Ke Za Zhi

[Language] chi

[Publication-type] English Abstract; Journal Article; Meta-Analysis

[Publication-country] China

   

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One situation is loss of CaR expression, resulting in loss of growth suppressing effects of elevated extracellular Ca(2+) by CaR, reported in parathyroid adenoma and in colon carcinoma.

CaR signaling and effects have been studied in several cancers including ovarian cancers, gastrinomas, and gliomas in addition to comparatively detailed studies in breast, prostate, and colon cancers.

Pharmacological agonists and antagonists of CaR hold therapeutic promise depending on whether activation of CaR is required such as in case of colon cancer or inactivating the receptor is required as in the case of breast- and prostate tumors.

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(PMID = 19011996.001).

[ISSN] 1355-008X

[Journal-full-title] Endocrine

[ISO-abbreviation] Endocrine

[Language] eng

[Publication-type] Journal Article; Review

[Publication-country] United States

[Chemical-registry-number] 0 / Receptors, Calcium-Sensing

[Number-of-references] 203