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6. Kröger N, Shimoni A, Zabelina T, Schieder H, Panse J, Ayuk F, Wolschke C, Renges H, Dahlke J, Atanackovic D, Nagler A, Zander A: Reduced-toxicity conditioning with treosulfan, fludarabine and ATG as preparative regimen for allogeneic stem cell transplantation (alloSCT) in elderly patients with secondary acute myeloid leukemia (sAML) or myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS). Bone Marrow Transplant; 2006 Feb;37(4):339-44
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  • [Source] The source of this record is MEDLINE®, a database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine.
  • [Title] Reduced-toxicity conditioning with treosulfan, fludarabine and ATG as preparative regimen for allogeneic stem cell transplantation (alloSCT) in elderly patients with secondary acute myeloid leukemia (sAML) or myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS).
  • We investigated a dose-reduced conditioning regimen consisting of treosulfan and fludarabine followed by allogeneic stem cell transplantation (SCT) in 26 patients with secondary AML or MDS.
  • Acute graft-versus-host disease (GvHD) grade II-IV was seen in 23% and severe grade III GvHD in 12% of the patients.
  • No patients experienced grade IV acute GvHD.
  • [MeSH-major] Antilymphocyte Serum / therapeutic use. Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols / therapeutic use. Busulfan / analogs & derivatives. Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation. Leukemia, Myeloid / therapy. Myelodysplastic Syndromes / therapy. Transplantation Conditioning / methods. Vidarabine / analogs & derivatives
  • [MeSH-minor] Acute Disease. Adult. Aged. Disease-Free Survival. Female. Graft vs Host Disease / drug therapy. Graft vs Host Disease / prevention & control. HLA Antigens / analysis. Humans. Male. Middle Aged. Prospective Studies. Recurrence. Siblings. Survival Rate. Transplantation, Homologous. Treatment Outcome



7. Szotkowski T, Muzik J, Voglova J, Koza V, Maaloufova J, Kozak T, Jarosova M, Michalova K, Zak P, Steinerova K, Vydra J, Lanska M, Katrincsakova B, Sicova K, Pavlik T, Dusek L, Indrak K: Prognostic factors and treatment outcome in 1,516 adult patients with de novo and secondary acute myeloid leukemia in 1999-2009 in 5 hematology intensive care centers in the Czech Republic. Neoplasma; 2010;57(6):578-89
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  • [Title] Prognostic factors and treatment outcome in 1,516 adult patients with de novo and secondary acute myeloid leukemia in 1999-2009 in 5 hematology intensive care centers in the Czech Republic.
  • Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a severe condition with a high mortality.
  • The study represents a detailed analysis of the role of these factors and treatment outcomes based on a long-term follow-up of patients treated in 5 hematology intensive care centers in the Czech Republic.The studied group comprised 1,188 patients with de novo AML and 328 patients with secondary AML.
  • Curatively treated patients achieved fewer complete remissions and relapsed more often than those with de novo AML.
  • Patients with secondary AML had lower rates of allogeneic transplantation as part of consolidation therapy and a significantly shorter median overall survival.
  • However, the treatment outcome of de novo AML patients is not satisfactory, the only exception being those with acute promyelocytic leukemia.
  • [MeSH-major] Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute / mortality. Neoplasms, Second Primary / mortality



8. Nevill TJ, Shepherd JD, Sutherland HJ, Abou Mourad YR, Lavoie JC, Barnett MJ, Nantel SH, Toze CL, Hogge DE, Forrest DL, Song KW, Power MM, Nitta JY, Dai Y, Smith CA: IPSS poor-risk karyotype as a predictor of outcome for patients with myelodysplastic syndrome following myeloablative stem cell transplantation. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant; 2009 Feb;15(2):205-13
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  • A retrospective review was performed of 156 patients who underwent SCT (114 BM, 42 BSC) for MDS or secondary acute myelogenous leukemia (sAML) at our institution.
  • Multivariate analysis showed IPSS poor-risk cytogenetics (P< .001), time from diagnosis to SCT (P< .001), FAB subgroup (P= .001), recipients not in complete remission (CR1) at SCT (P= .005), and the development of acute graft-versus-host disease (aGVHD) (P= .04) were all predictive of an inferior EFS.
  • The FAB subgroup (P= .002), poor-risk karyotype (P= .004), and non-CR1 status also correlated with ROR in multivariate analysis.



9. Chau M, Christensen JL, Ajami AM, Capizzi RL: Amonafide, a topoisomerase II inhibitor, is unaffected by P-glycoprotein-mediated efflux. Leuk Res; 2008 Mar;32(3):465-73
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  • Over-expression of P-glycoprotein (Pgp+) has been related to resistance to classical Topo II inhibitors used in the treatment of AML and is common in patients with poor-prognosis, such as those with secondary AML (sAML).
  • Since clinical trials with amonafide, a unique ATP-independent Topo II inhibitor, in combination with cytarabine, have shown significant efficacy for remission induction in patients with sAML, we compared the cytotoxic effect of amonafide (amonafide l-malate, Xanafide) to the classical Topo II inhibitors (daunorubicin, doxorubicin, idarubicin, etoposide, and mitoxantrone) in K562 leukemia cells and in the MDR subline, K562/DOX.
  • Pgp expression was found to be approximately 6.5-fold greater in K562/DOX and causes the rapid efflux of these drugs from the leukemia cell.
  • A similar result was also observed in murine P388 and P388/ADR leukemia cells.
  • These observations suggest that amonafide is a promising therapeutic candidate directed toward bypassing this common mechanism of drug resistance encountered in the treatment of patients with AML, and possibly in other resistant hematological malignancies as well.

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  • (PMID = 17826829.001).
  • [ISSN] 0145-2126
  • [Journal-full-title] Leukemia research
  • [ISO-abbreviation] Leuk. Res.
  • [Language] eng
  • [Publication-type] Journal Article
  • [Publication-country] England
  • [Chemical-registry-number] 0 / Enzyme Inhibitors; 0 / Imides; 0 / Isoquinolines; 0 / Naphthalimides; 0 / P-Glycoprotein; 0 / Topoisomerase II Inhibitors; 1Q8D39N37L / amonafide
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10. Tavil B, Cetin M, Tuncer M: CD34/CD117 positivity in assessment of prognosis in children with myelodysplastic syndrome. Leuk Res; 2006 Feb;30(2):222-4
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  • [Source] The source of this record is MEDLINE®, a database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine.
  • Myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) are a heterogeneous group of clonal stem cell disorders that are characterized by morphology identifying dysplastic changes in one or more cell lineages, peripheral blood cytopenias and a propensity to evolve into secondary acute myeloid leukemia (AML).
  • CD34 is commonly expressed in all types of childhood leukemias, whereas CD117 is a reliable and specific marker to detect leukemia cells committed to myeloid lineage.
  • Co-expression of CD34/CD117 may strongly suggest the diagnosis of AML (Rytting ME.
  • May; Uçkan D, Hiçsönmez G, Yetgin S, Gürgey A, Cetin M, Karaağaoğlu E, et al. CD34/CD117 co-expression in childhood acute leukemia.
  • Leukemia Res 2000;24:201-6.).
  • We describe the case of a 22 month-old-girl with MDS and Down syndrome who was presented with severe anemia and thrombocytosis at diagnosis, transformed into AML-M7.
  • As the disease progressed, CD34/117 co-existence was increased and MDS transformed into AML.
  • [MeSH-minor] Bone Marrow Examination. Female. Humans. Infant. Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute / etiology. Prognosis



11. Verma D, O'Brien S, Thomas D, Faderl S, Koller C, Pierce S, Kebriaei P, Garcia-Manero G, Cortes J, Kantarjian H, Ravandi F: Therapy-related acute myelogenous leukemia and myelodysplastic syndrome in patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia treated with the hyperfractionated cyclophosphamide, vincristine, doxorubicin, and dexamethasone regimens. Cancer; 2009 Jan 1;115(1):101-6
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  • [Title] Therapy-related acute myelogenous leukemia and myelodysplastic syndrome in patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia treated with the hyperfractionated cyclophosphamide, vincristine, doxorubicin, and dexamethasone regimens.
  • BACKGROUND: Secondary malignancies including myeloid neoplasms occur infrequently in acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) and to the authors' knowledge have not been as well documented in adults as in children.
  • RESULTS: Sixteen patients (2.49%) developed secondary acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) (6 patients) or myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) (10 patients).
  • Karyotype at time of AML/MDS diagnosis was -5, -7 in 9 patients, normal in 1 patient, complex in 1 patient, inv(11) in 1 patient, t(4;11) in 1 patient, del(20) in 1 patient, and unavailable in 2 patients.
  • Secondary AML/MDS developed at a median of 32 months after ALL diagnosis.
  • Cytarabine plus anthracycline-based treatment was given to 12 patients with AML and high-risk MDS.
  • Eight patients (1 with AML and 7 with MDS) underwent allogeneic stem cell transplantation, and all but 2 died at a median of 3 months (range, 0.5-11 months) after transplantation.
  • The median overall survival after a diagnosis of secondary AML and MDS was 9.25 months (range, 1+ to 26+ months).
  • CONCLUSIONS: Secondary AML and MDS occur infrequently in adult patients with de novo ALL treated with the hyper-CVAD regimens, and response to therapy is poor.
  • [MeSH-major] Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols / therapeutic use. Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute / chemically induced. Myelodysplastic Syndromes / chemically induced. Precursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma / drug therapy



12. Giles F, Rizzieri D, Karp J, Vey N, Ravandi F, Faderl S, Khan KD, Verhoef G, Wijermans P, Advani A, Roboz G, Kantarjian H, Bilgrami SF, Ferrant A, Daenen SM, Karsten V, Cahill A, Albitar M, Mufti G, O'Brien S: Cloretazine (VNP40101M), a novel sulfonylhydrazine alkylating agent, in patients age 60 years or older with previously untreated acute myeloid leukemia. J Clin Oncol; 2007 Jan 1;25(1):25-31
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  • [Source] The source of this record is MEDLINE®, a database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine.
  • [Title] Cloretazine (VNP40101M), a novel sulfonylhydrazine alkylating agent, in patients age 60 years or older with previously untreated acute myeloid leukemia.
  • A multicenter phase II study of cloretazine was conducted in patients 60 years of age or older with previously untreated acute myeloid leukemia (AML) or high-risk myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS).
  • Patients were stratified by age, performance score, cytogenetic risk category, type of AML, and comorbidity.
  • Response rates in 44 de novo AML patients, 45 secondary AML patients, and 15 high-risk MDS patients were 50%, 11%, and 40%, respectively.
  • CONCLUSION: Cloretazine has significant activity and modest extramedullary toxicity in elderly patients with AML or high-risk MDS.
  • [MeSH-major] Antineoplastic Agents, Alkylating / therapeutic use. Hydrazines / therapeutic use. Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute / drug therapy. Sulfonamides / therapeutic use



13. Stifter G, Heiss S, Gastl G, Tzankov A, Stauder R: Over-expression of tumor necrosis factor-alpha in bone marrow biopsies from patients with myelodysplastic syndromes: relationship to anemia and prognosis. Eur J Haematol; 2005 Dec;75(6):485-91
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  • [Source] The source of this record is MEDLINE®, a database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine.
  • Enhanced bone marrow (BM) angiogenesis is regarded as an essential cofactor in the progression of MDS to acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) and microvessel formation may be induced by TNF-alpha as well.
  • METHODS: TNF-alpha expression and BM vessels were immunohistochemically analyzed on 89 paraffin-embedded BM biopsies from patients with MDS and secondary AML, including 12 control samples.
  • MVD was increased in MDS and secondary AML and correlated with marrow cellularity and expression of TNF-alpha, but was not of prognostic significance.
  • CONCLUSIONS: TNF-alpha expression and MVD are elevated in MDS and secondary AML.
  • [MeSH-major] Biomarkers, Tumor / biosynthesis. Erythroid Precursor Cells / metabolism. Gene Expression Regulation, Leukemic. Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute / metabolism. Myelodysplastic Syndromes / metabolism. Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / biosynthesis



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4. Récher C, Beyne-Rauzy O, Demur C, Chicanne G, Dos Santos C, Mas VM, Benzaquen D, Laurent G, Huguet F, Payrastre B: Antileukemic activity of rapamycin in acute myeloid leukemia. Blood; 2005 Mar 15;105(6):2527-34
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  • [Title] Antileukemic activity of rapamycin in acute myeloid leukemia.
  • In this study, we show that mTOR inhibition by rapamycin strongly inhibits the growth of the most immature acute myeloid leukemia (AML) cell lines through blockade in G0/G1 phase of the cell cycle.
  • Accordingly, 2 downstream effectors of mTOR, 4E-BP1 and p70S6K, are phosphorylated in a rapamycin-sensitive manner in a series of 23 AML cases.
  • Interestingly, the mTOR inhibitor markedly impairs the clonogenic properties of fresh AML cells while sparing normal hematopoietic progenitors.
  • Moreover, rapamycin induces significant clinical responses in 4 of 9 patients with either refractory/relapsed de novo AML or secondary AML.
  • Overall, our data strongly suggest that mTOR is aberrantly regulated in most AML cells and that rapamycin and analogs, by targeting the clonogenic compartment of the leukemic clone, may be used as new compounds in AML therapy.
  • [MeSH-major] Antibiotics, Antineoplastic / pharmacology. G0 Phase / drug effects. G1 Phase / drug effects. Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute / metabolism. Protein Kinases / metabolism. Sirolimus / pharmacology



15. Boehm A, Sperr WR, Leitner G, Worel N, Oehler L, Jaeger E, Mitterbauer M, Haas OA, Valent P, Kalhs P, Rabitsch W: Comorbidity predicts survival in myelodysplastic syndromes or secondary acute myeloid leukaemia after allogeneic stem cell transplantation. Eur J Clin Invest; 2008 Dec;38(12):945-52
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  • [Source] The source of this record is MEDLINE®, a database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine.
  • [Title] Comorbidity predicts survival in myelodysplastic syndromes or secondary acute myeloid leukaemia after allogeneic stem cell transplantation.
  • PATIENTS AND METHODS: We examined the overall survival (OS) and underlying risk factors in 45 adult patients with MDS (n = 38), chronic myelomonocytic leukaemia (n = 1), or secondary acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) arising from MDS (n = 6), who underwent allogeneic SCT at our Institution.
  • CONCLUSIONS: Based on these data and similar published data we recommend selecting patients with MDS or secondary AML for SCT according to the presence of comorbidities.
  • [MeSH-major] Disease-Free Survival. Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation. Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute / mortality. Leukemia, Myelomonocytic, Chronic / mortality. Neoplasms, Second Primary / mortality



16. Schmid C, Schleuning M, Hentrich M, Markl GE, Gerbitz A, Tischer J, Ledderose G, Oruzio D, Hiddemann W, Kolb HJ: High antileukemic efficacy of an intermediate intensity conditioning regimen for allogeneic stem cell transplantation in patients with high-risk acute myeloid leukemia in first complete remission. Bone Marrow Transplant; 2008 Apr;41(8):721-7
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  • [Source] The source of this record is MEDLINE®, a database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine.
  • [Title] High antileukemic efficacy of an intermediate intensity conditioning regimen for allogeneic stem cell transplantation in patients with high-risk acute myeloid leukemia in first complete remission.
  • The goal of this analysis was to define the role of the moderate-intensity fludarabin Ara-C amsacrin (FLAMSA)-reduced intensity conditioning (RIC) regimen for patients with high-risk AML undergoing allogeneic SCT (alloSCT) in first CR1.
  • High-risk was defined by (1) AML secondary to MDS or radio/chemotherapy, (2) unfavorable cytogenetics or (3) delayed response to induction chemotherapy.
  • A total of 23 of 44 AML patients referred to the University of Munich for alloSCT in CR1 between 1999 and 2006 fulfilled these criteria and received FLAMSA chemotherapy, followed by RIC (4 Gy TBI/cyclophosphamide/ATG) for alloSCT.
  • Four-year overall and leukemia-free survival was 72.7% (median follow-up among survivors: 35 months).
  • The results of this high-risk cohort were compared to the outcome of 21 consecutive standard-risk patients <55 years, who had received standard, myeloablative sibling SCT in CR1 AML within the same center and time period.
  • In conclusion, the FLAMSA-RIC regimen produces long-term remission in a high proportion of patients with high-risk AML transplanted in CR1.
  • [MeSH-major] Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation / methods. Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute / therapy. Transplantation Conditioning / methods



17. Ferrara F, D'Arco AM, De Simone M, Mele G, Califano C, Pocali B, Danise P, Palmieri S: Fludarabine and cytarabine as continuous sequential infusion for elderly patients with acute myeloid leukemia. Haematologica; 2005 Jun;90(6):776-84
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  • [Title] Fludarabine and cytarabine as continuous sequential infusion for elderly patients with acute myeloid leukemia.
  • BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: A phase II study was conducted to investigate the effects of a therapeutic program based on the combination of fludarabine and cytarabine (ARA-C) administered as a sequential continuous infusion in untreated elderly patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML).
  • DESIGN AND METHODS: Sixty-three patients with non-M3 AML, median age 69 years (range 61-81), were accrued.
  • Twenty-four patients (38%) had AML secondary to myelodysplastic syndrome.
  • [MeSH-major] Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols / therapeutic use. Cytarabine / administration & dosage. Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute / drug therapy. Vidarabine / analogs & derivatives

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  • (PMID = 15951290.001).
  • [ISSN] 1592-8721
  • [Journal-full-title] Haematologica
  • [ISO-abbreviation] Haematologica
  • [Language] eng
  • [Publication-type] Journal Article
  • [Publication-country] Italy
  • [Chemical-registry-number] 0 / Antigens, CD34; 04079A1RDZ / Cytarabine; FA2DM6879K / Vidarabine; P2K93U8740 / fludarabine
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18. Manvelyan M, Kempf P, Weise A, Mrasek K, Heller A, Lier A, Höffken K, Fricke HJ, Sayer HG, Liehr T, Mkrtchyan H: Preferred co-localization of chromosome 8 and 21 in myeloid bone marrow cells detected by three dimensional molecular cytogenetics. Int J Mol Med; 2009 Sep;24(3):335-41
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  • [Source] The source of this record is MEDLINE®, a database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine.
  • [Title] Preferred co-localization of chromosome 8 and 21 in myeloid bone marrow cells detected by three dimensional molecular cytogenetics.
  • In this study, BM of three secondary acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) cases with trisomy 8 and otherwise normal karyotype were evaluated.
  • Bone marrow cells of one AML and one ALL (acute lymphoblastic leukemia) case, peripheral blood lymphocytes and human sperm, all of them with normal karyotype, served as controls.
  • Interestingly, in myeloid bone marrow cells chromosomes 8 (di- and trisomic) and 21 tended to co-localize with their homologue chromosome(s), rather than to be separated.
  • Thus, the co-localization of chromosomes 8 and 21 might promote a translocation providing a selective advantage of t(8;21) cells in AML-M2.
  • [MeSH-major] Bone Marrow Cells / metabolism. Chromosomes, Human, Pair 21 / metabolism. Chromosomes, Human, Pair 8 / metabolism. Cytogenetic Analysis / methods. Myeloid Cells / metabolism

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  • (PMID = 19639225.001).
  • [ISSN] 1107-3756
  • [Journal-full-title] International journal of molecular medicine
  • [ISO-abbreviation] Int. J. Mol. Med.
  • [Language] eng
  • [Publication-type] Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
  • [Publication-country] Greece
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19. Rizzieri DA, O'Brien JA, Broadwater G, Decastro CM, Dev P, Diehl L, Beaven A, Lagoo A, Gockerman JP, Chao NJ, Moore JO: Outcomes of patients who undergo aggressive induction therapy for secondary acute myeloid leukemia. Cancer; 2009 Jul 1;115(13):2922-9
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  • [Title] Outcomes of patients who undergo aggressive induction therapy for secondary acute myeloid leukemia.
  • BACKGROUND: Response and survival in 96 patients with secondary acute myeloid leukemia (sAML) who received aggressive induction chemotherapy was reviewed.
  • Patients with AML after previous chemotherapy or radiation therapy had a higher morphologic remission rate compared with those arising from myelodysplastic syndrome or myeloproliferative disease (82% vs 62%; P = .027).
  • In this population of patients who received aggressive chemotherapy, Charlson comorbidity index or a higher number of factors recognized as high risk in leukemia patients did not affect the chance of OS, DFS, and EFS, although having more recognized leukemia risk factors was related to a lower chance of surviving 1 year.
  • [MeSH-major] Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute / drug therapy. Neoplasms, Second Primary / drug therapy

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  • (PMID = 19452542.001).
  • [ISSN] 0008-543X
  • [Journal-full-title] Cancer
  • [ISO-abbreviation] Cancer
  • [Language] eng
  • [Publication-type] Evaluation Studies; Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
  • [Publication-country] United States
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20. Fianchi L, Pagano L, Leoni F, Storti S, Voso MT, Valentini CG, Rutella S, Scardocci A, Caira M, Gianfaldoni G, Leone G: Gemtuzumab ozogamicin, cytosine arabinoside, G-CSF combination (G-AraMy) in the treatment of elderly patients with poor-prognosis acute myeloid leukemia. Ann Oncol; 2008 Jan;19(1):128-34
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  • [Title] Gemtuzumab ozogamicin, cytosine arabinoside, G-CSF combination (G-AraMy) in the treatment of elderly patients with poor-prognosis acute myeloid leukemia.
  • BACKGROUND: Gemtuzumab ozogamicin (GO) is effective as single agent in the treatment of acute myeloid leukemia (AML).
  • We evaluated efficacy and safety of a chemotherapy including growth factors, cytarabine, and GO (G-AraMy) in the treatment of poor-prognosis AML in elderly patients.
  • PATIENTS AND METHODS: In three Italian hematology departments from September 2003 to September 2006, 53 elderly patients [median age 69 years (range 65-77)] with untreated or primary refractory/relapsed AML were enrolled on the combination G-AraMy administered according to two consecutive schedules (G-AraMy1 and G-AraMy2), with intensified consolidation in the second.
  • Twenty-three of 53 patients had a secondary acute myeloid leukemia (sAML).
  • No differences for response rate and toxicity profile were observed between untreated and primary resistant/relapsed patients, de novo AML and sAML, and in the two treatment trials.
  • CONCLUSIONS: G-AraMy therapy may be considered an useful treatment approach for poor-risk elderly AML patients, with a complete remission rate comparable to literature data with reduced side-effects, also in a poor-prognosis population.

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  • (PMID = 17906298.001).
  • [ISSN] 1569-8041
  • [Journal-full-title] Annals of oncology : official journal of the European Society for Medical Oncology
  • [ISO-abbreviation] Ann. Oncol.
  • [Language] ENG
  • [Publication-type] Clinical Trial; Comparative Study; Journal Article; Multicenter Study
  • [Publication-country] England
  • [Chemical-registry-number] 0 / Aminoglycosides; 0 / Antibodies, Monoclonal; 0 / Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized; 0 / gemtuzumab; 04079A1RDZ / Cytarabine; 143011-72-7 / Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor
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21. Varet B, Ifrah N: [Criteria for suspecting a myelodysplastic syndrome]. Rev Prat; 2010 Dec 20;60(10):1404-7
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  • The myelodysplastic syndromes are a group of heterogeneous acquired and clonal disorders that are characterized by the intramedullar, abnormal death of myeloid progenitors leading to peripheral variable cytopenias.
  • It is predictive for the risk of transformation in secondary acute myeloid leukemia.

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  • (PMID = 21425539.001).
  • [ISSN] 0035-2640
  • [Journal-full-title] La Revue du praticien
  • [ISO-abbreviation] Rev Prat
  • [Language] fre
  • [Publication-type] English Abstract; Journal Article
  • [Publication-country] France
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22. Anwar Iqbal M, Al-Omar HM, Owaidah T, Al-Humaidan H, Bhuiyan ZA, Sahovic E: del(6)(p23) in two cases of de novo AML--a new recurrent primary chromosome abnormality. Eur J Haematol; 2006 Sep;77(3):245-50
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  • [Title] del(6)(p23) in two cases of de novo AML--a new recurrent primary chromosome abnormality.
  • OBJECTIVE: Previously, deletion 6p23 was generally reported in therapy-related secondary acute myeloid leukemia (AML) as part of complex karyotypes.
  • In this report, we present two young adult patients with de novo AML-M2 and a terminal deletion 6p23 as a sole primary abnormality, confirmed by chromosome 6 specific subtelomeric probes.
  • RESULTS: A diagnosis of AML-M2 was confirmed in both patients by morphological and immunophenotyping studies.
  • The common morphological, immunophenotypic, and cytogenetic features in our two patients strongly support a separate new entity of de novo AML with deletion 6p23.
  • [MeSH-major] Chromosome Deletion. Chromosomes, Human, Pair 6 / genetics. Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute / genetics
  • [MeSH-minor] Adult. Chromosomal Proteins, Non-Histone / genetics. Cytogenetics. Female. Humans. Immunophenotyping. In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence. Karyotyping. Oncogene Proteins / genetics. Oncogenes. Recurrence

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  • (PMID = 16856925.001).
  • [ISSN] 0902-4441
  • [Journal-full-title] European journal of haematology
  • [ISO-abbreviation] Eur. J. Haematol.
  • [Language] eng
  • [Publication-type] Case Reports; Journal Article
  • [Publication-country] Denmark
  • [Chemical-registry-number] 0 / Chromosomal Proteins, Non-Histone; 0 / Dek protein, human; 0 / Oncogene Proteins
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23. Tam CS, Seymour JF, Prince HM, Kenealy M, Wolf M, Januszewicz EH, Westerman D: Treatment-related myelodysplasia following fludarabine combination chemotherapy. Haematologica; 2006 Nov;91(11):1546-50
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  • Although myelodysplasia (MDS) and secondary acute myeloid leukemia (sAML) are rare following fludarabine monotherapy, the risk of these diseases may potentially be increased when fludarabine is combined with cyclophosphamide or mitoxantrone due to synergistic effects on the inhibition of DNA repair.



24. Römermann D, Hasemeier B, Metzig K, Schlegelberger B, Länger F, Kreipe H, Lehmann U: [Methylation status of LINE-1 sequences in patients with MDS or secondary AML]. Verh Dtsch Ges Pathol; 2007;91:338-42
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  • [Title] [Methylation status of LINE-1 sequences in patients with MDS or secondary AML].
  • [Transliterated title] Methylierungszustand von LINE-1-Sequenzen bei Patienten mit MDS oder sekundärer AML.
  • [MeSH-minor] Humans. Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute / genetics

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  • (PMID = 18314632.001).
  • [ISSN] 0070-4113
  • [Journal-full-title] Verhandlungen der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Pathologie
  • [ISO-abbreviation] Verh Dtsch Ges Pathol
  • [Language] ger
  • [Publication-type] English Abstract; Journal Article
  • [Publication-country] Germany
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25. Schwarz J, Pytlík R, Doubek M, Brychtová Y, Dulícek P, Campr V, Kren L, Penka M: Analysis of risk factors: the rationale of the guidelines of the Czech Hematological Society for diagnosis and treatment of chronic myeloproliferative disorders with thrombocythemia. Semin Thromb Hemost; 2006 Apr;32(3):231-45
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  • The histopathology-based nosological distinction provided by these classifications yields valuable information on prognosis (including the risks of transition into secondary acute myeloid leukemia and myelofibrosis).

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  • (PMID = 16673277.001).
  • [ISSN] 0094-6176
  • [Journal-full-title] Seminars in thrombosis and hemostasis
  • [ISO-abbreviation] Semin. Thromb. Hemost.
  • [Language] eng
  • [Publication-type] Journal Article
  • [Publication-country] United States
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26. Creutzig U, Diekamp S, Zimmermann M, Reinhardt D: Longitudinal evaluation of early and late anthracycline cardiotoxicity in children with AML. Pediatr Blood Cancer; 2007 Jun 15;48(7):651-62
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  • [Title] Longitudinal evaluation of early and late anthracycline cardiotoxicity in children with AML.
  • BACKGROUND: Anthracyclines are effective antineoplastic drugs in acute myelogenous leukemia (AML).
  • PROCEDURE: To evaluate anthracycline-associated cardiomyopathy in pediatric AML-patients, the incidence of early and late (>1 year after intensive AML chemotherapy) clinical and subclinical cardiotoxicity was analyzed out of a total of 1,207 patients <18 years treated between 1993 and 2003 in trials AML-BFM93/98: 1,010 protocol patients with de novo AML, 121 with Down syndrome (DS)-AML, and 76 with secondary AML.
  • RESULTS: Thirty-eight patients (4.3%), including 3 DS-AML and 1 secondary AML, suffered from early cardiomyopathy.
  • After 5 years, four patients showed temporarily or persistently a reduced shortening fraction, which led to death in one DS-AML patient.
  • Late clinical cardiomyopathy mainly affected patients with a second anthracycline therapy (secondary malignancy) and those with early cardiotoxicity.
  • CONCLUSION: In spite of a highly intensive and effective treatment, the frequency of anthracycline-associated cardiomyopathy was low in the AML-BFM studies.
  • [MeSH-major] Anthracyclines / adverse effects. Heart / drug effects. Heart Diseases / chemically induced. Leukemia, Myeloid / drug therapy
  • [MeSH-minor] Acute Disease. Adolescent. Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols / therapeutic use. Child. Child, Preschool. Dose-Response Relationship, Drug. Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions. Echocardiography / methods. Female. Follow-Up Studies. Humans. Infant. Longitudinal Studies. Male. Pilot Projects. Risk Factors. Survivors. Time. Treatment Outcome

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  • [Copyright] (c) 2006 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
  • [CommentIn] Pediatr Blood Cancer. 2007 Jun 15;48(7):649-50 [17318875.001]
  • (PMID = 17183582.001).
  • [ISSN] 1545-5009
  • [Journal-full-title] Pediatric blood & cancer
  • [ISO-abbreviation] Pediatr Blood Cancer
  • [Language] eng
  • [Publication-type] Clinical Trial; Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
  • [Publication-country] United States
  • [Chemical-registry-number] 0 / Anthracyclines
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27. Reiter A, Walz C, Watmore A, Schoch C, Blau I, Schlegelberger B, Berger U, Telford N, Aruliah S, Yin JA, Vanstraelen D, Barker HF, Taylor PC, O'Driscoll A, Benedetti F, Rudolph C, Kolb HJ, Hochhaus A, Hehlmann R, Chase A, Cross NC: The t(8;9)(p22;p24) is a recurrent abnormality in chronic and acute leukemia that fuses PCM1 to JAK2. Cancer Res; 2005 Apr 1;65(7):2662-7
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  • [Title] The t(8;9)(p22;p24) is a recurrent abnormality in chronic and acute leukemia that fuses PCM1 to JAK2.
  • We have identified a t(8;9)(p21-23;p23-24) in seven male patients (mean age 50, range 32-74) with diverse hematologic malignancies and clinical outcomes: atypical chronic myeloid leukemia/chronic eosinophilic leukemia (n = 5), secondary acute myeloid leukemia (n = 1), and pre-B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (n = 1).
  • [MeSH-major] Cell Cycle Proteins / genetics. Chromosomes, Human, Pair 8 / genetics. Chromosomes, Human, Pair 9 / genetics. Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive / genetics. Leukemia, Myeloid / genetics. Oncogene Proteins, Fusion / genetics. Protein-Tyrosine Kinases / genetics. Proto-Oncogene Proteins / genetics. Translocation, Genetic
  • [MeSH-minor] Acute Disease. Adult. Aged. Amino Acid Sequence. Autoantigens. Base Sequence. Humans. Janus Kinase 2. Male. Middle Aged. Molecular Sequence Data. Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction

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  • (PMID = 15805263.001).
  • [ISSN] 0008-5472
  • [Journal-full-title] Cancer research
  • [ISO-abbreviation] Cancer Res.
  • [Language] eng
  • [Publication-type] Case Reports; Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
  • [Publication-country] United States
  • [Chemical-registry-number] 0 / Autoantigens; 0 / Cell Cycle Proteins; 0 / Oncogene Proteins, Fusion; 0 / PCM1 protein, human; 0 / PCM1-JAK2 fusion protein, human; 0 / Proto-Oncogene Proteins; EC 2.7.10.1 / Protein-Tyrosine Kinases; EC 2.7.10.2 / JAK2 protein, human; EC 2.7.10.2 / Janus Kinase 2
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28. Then Bergh F, Niklas A, Strauss A, von Ahsen N, Niederwieser D, Schwarz J, Wagner A, Al-Ali HK: Rapid progression of Myelodysplastic syndrome to acute myeloid leukemia on sequential azathioprine, IFN-beta and copolymer-1 in a patient with multiple sclerosis. Acta Haematol; 2006;116(3):207-10
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  • [Title] Rapid progression of Myelodysplastic syndrome to acute myeloid leukemia on sequential azathioprine, IFN-beta and copolymer-1 in a patient with multiple sclerosis.
  • Within several months, unusually rapid for this subtype, MDS progressed to secondary acute myeloid leukemia.
  • [MeSH-major] Azathioprine / adverse effects. Interferon-beta / adverse effects. Leukemia, Myeloid / chemically induced. Multiple Sclerosis / complications. Multiple Sclerosis / drug therapy. Myelodysplastic Syndromes / complications. Peptides / adverse effects
  • [MeSH-minor] Acute Disease. Disease Progression. Fatal Outcome. Female. Glatiramer Acetate. Humans. Middle Aged



29. Gondek LP, Tiu R, O'Keefe CL, Sekeres MA, Theil KS, Maciejewski JP: Chromosomal lesions and uniparental disomy detected by SNP arrays in MDS, MDS/MPD, and MDS-derived AML. Blood; 2008 Feb 1;111(3):1534-42
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  • [Title] Chromosomal lesions and uniparental disomy detected by SNP arrays in MDS, MDS/MPD, and MDS-derived AML.
  • We have applied 250K single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) arrays (SNP-A) to study chromosomal lesions in samples from 174 patients (94 MDS, 33 secondary acute myeloid leukemia [sAML], and 47 myelodysplastic/myeloproliferative disease [MDS/MPD]) and 76 controls.

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  • (PMID = 17954704.001).
  • [ISSN] 0006-4971
  • [Journal-full-title] Blood
  • [ISO-abbreviation] Blood
  • [Language] ENG
  • [Grant] United States / NHLBI NIH HHS / HL / K24 HL077522; United States / NHLBI NIH HHS / HL / R01 HL082983; United States / NCRR NIH HHS / RR / S10 RR019391; United States / NCRR NIH HHS / RR / U54 RR019391
  • [Publication-type] Journal Article; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
  • [Publication-country] United States
  • [Other-IDs] NLM/ PMC2214746
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30. Junghanss C, Waak M, Knopp A, Kleine HD, Kundt G, Leithäuser M, Hilgendorf I, Wolff D, Casper J, Freund M: Multivariate analyses of prognostic factors in acute myeloid leukemia: relevance of cytogenetic abnormalities and CD34 expression. Neoplasma; 2005;52(5):402-10
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  • [Title] Multivariate analyses of prognostic factors in acute myeloid leukemia: relevance of cytogenetic abnormalities and CD34 expression.
  • Identification of additional prognostic factors besides karyotype is important for the improvement of the risk adapted treatment strategies in acute myeloid leukemia (AML).
  • The aim of this study was to investigate whether other factors besides karyotype could be used as a prognostic tool in newly diagnosed AML.
  • Biological and disease related established and potential prognostic factors were retrospectively analysed in 124 consecutive AML patients treated between 1993 and 2002 at the University hospital Rostock (Germany).
  • In patients that received potential curative therapies LDH >or=2000 U/l, WBC >50 GPT/l, CD34 surface expression on the AML blasts, secondary AML, unfavorable karyotype and no allogeneic HSCT at some point of treatment course were associated with unfavorable prognosis.
  • However, in the multivariate risk factor analyses only unfavorable karyotype (p=0.012), CD34 positivity of AML blasts (p=0.046), no allogeneic HSCT (p=0.008) and first diagnosis after 1997 (p=0.025) were independent unfavourable prognostic factors.
  • In conclusion, karyotype and CD34 expression are independent prognostic markers in newly diagnosed AML.
  • Furthermore, receiving an allogeneic HSCT at some point of the treatment course seems to be of benefit for AML patients.
  • [MeSH-major] Antigens, CD34 / metabolism. Biomarkers, Tumor / analysis. Chromosome Aberrations. Leukemia, Myeloid / genetics. Leukemia, Myeloid / mortality
  • [MeSH-minor] Acute Disease / therapy. Adult. Age Factors. Aged. Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols / therapeutic use. Disease-Free Survival. Flow Cytometry. Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation. Humans. Karyotyping. Middle Aged. Multivariate Analysis. Palliative Care. Prognosis. Remission Induction. Retrospective Studies. Risk Factors. Survival Analysis. Treatment Outcome

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  • (PMID = 16151585.001).
  • [ISSN] 0028-2685
  • [Journal-full-title] Neoplasma
  • [ISO-abbreviation] Neoplasma
  • [Language] eng
  • [Publication-type] Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
  • [Publication-country] Slovakia
  • [Chemical-registry-number] 0 / Antigens, CD34; 0 / Biomarkers, Tumor
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31. Dale DC: Advances in the treatment of neutropenia. Curr Opin Support Palliat Care; 2009 Sep;3(3):207-12
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  • Current guidelines recommend the prophylactic use of the myeloid growth factors for the first cycle of chemotherapy for patients with more than a 20% risk of febrile neutropenia.
  • Meta analysis from randomized trials shows that granulocyte colony-stimulating factor prophylaxis is associated with patients receiving more intensive chemotherapy, having better survival, but also having a higher risk of secondary acute myeloid leukemia.
  • SUMMARY: The myeloid growth factor granulocyte colony-stimulating factor has radically changed our approach to the prevention of febrile neutropenia.

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  • (PMID = 19550332.001).
  • [ISSN] 1751-4266
  • [Journal-full-title] Current opinion in supportive and palliative care
  • [ISO-abbreviation] Curr Opin Support Palliat Care
  • [Language] eng
  • [Grant] United States / NIAID NIH HHS / AI / R24 AI049393; United States / NIAID NIH HHS / AI / R24 AI049393-09
  • [Publication-type] Journal Article; Review
  • [Publication-country] United States
  • [Chemical-registry-number] 0 / Antineoplastic Agents; 0 / Recombinant Proteins; 143011-72-7 / Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor
  • [Number-of-references] 48
  • [Other-IDs] NLM/ NIHMS202938; NLM/ PMC3390973
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32. Willems L, Suarez F, Messas E, Baubion N, Decaudin D, Fourquet A, Ghez D, Delarue R, Hermine O, Buzyn A, Varet B, Rubio MT: [High risk of cardiac dysfunction after treatment of secondary acute myeloid leukemia following chemotherapy and radiotherapy for breast cancer]. Bull Cancer; 2010 Feb;97(2):245-54
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  • [Title] [High risk of cardiac dysfunction after treatment of secondary acute myeloid leukemia following chemotherapy and radiotherapy for breast cancer].
  • Secondary acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) occurring after breast cancer is a rare long-term complication of the chemo- and/or radiation therapy required to treat breast cancer.
  • The usually recognized curative option of these secondary AML includes courses of anthracycline-based chemotherapy followed by haematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT).
  • Cardiac dysfunction during AML treatment of these patients previously treated with anthracyclines for breast cancer has not been reported to date.
  • We evaluated the evolution of cardiac function in seven patients treated with anthracyclines and/or autologous or allogeneic bone marrow transplantation for secondary AML occurring after breast cancer.
  • All of the patients who received a cumulative anthracycline dose above the cardiac toxicity threshold developed cardiac symptoms during AML chemotherapy courses.
  • Thus, the risk of severe cardiac dysfunction after treatment of secondary AML following breast cancer must be taken in account as part of the therapeutic strategy of those patients.
  • As discussed here, an accurate evaluation of risk factors, the use of sensitive detection tests and of cardioprotective drugs as well as that of non-cardiotoxic chemotherapy might decrease the occurrence and severity of this life-threatening complication.
  • [MeSH-major] Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols / adverse effects. Breast Neoplasms. Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation / adverse effects. Leukemia, Myeloid / therapy. Neoplasms, Second Primary / therapy
  • [MeSH-minor] Acute Disease. Adult. Chemotherapy, Adjuvant / adverse effects. Cyclophosphamide / administration & dosage. Cyclophosphamide / adverse effects. Daunorubicin / administration & dosage. Daunorubicin / adverse effects. Epirubicin / administration & dosage. Epirubicin / adverse effects. Female. Fluorouracil / administration & dosage. Fluorouracil / adverse effects. Heart Diseases / chemically induced. Heart Diseases / drug therapy. Heart Diseases / physiopathology. Humans. Middle Aged. Remission Induction. Stroke Volume / drug effects. Stroke Volume / physiology

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  • (PMID = 19819776.001).
  • [ISSN] 1769-6917
  • [Journal-full-title] Bulletin du cancer
  • [ISO-abbreviation] Bull Cancer
  • [Language] fre
  • [Publication-type] English Abstract; Journal Article
  • [Publication-country] France
  • [Chemical-registry-number] 3Z8479ZZ5X / Epirubicin; 8N3DW7272P / Cyclophosphamide; U3P01618RT / Fluorouracil; ZS7284E0ZP / Daunorubicin; FEC protocol
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33. Ferrara F, Mele G, Palmieri S, Pedata M, Copia C, Riccardi C, Izzo T, Criscuolo C, Musto P: Continuous infusion idarubicin and intravenous busulphan as conditioning regimen to autologous stem cell transplantation for patients with acute myeloid leukaemia. Hematol Oncol; 2009 Dec;27(4):198-202
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  • [Title] Continuous infusion idarubicin and intravenous busulphan as conditioning regimen to autologous stem cell transplantation for patients with acute myeloid leukaemia.
  • The current study aimed to evaluate the efficacy and toxicity of a combination of intravenous (iv) busulfan (Bu) and continuous infusion Idarubicin (IDA) as a conditioning regimen to autologous haematopoietic stem cell transplantation (ASCT) in patients with acute myeloid leukaemia (AML).
  • In order to perform a comparison in terms of haematological and non haematological toxicity, a group of 30 patients, who were previously autografted after conditioning with IDA and oral Bu was considered.
  • Selection of factors for a matched pair analysis included median age, percentage of subjects aged over 60 years, median CD34+ cell received, cytogenetic and molecular findings and per cent of secondary AML.
  • [MeSH-major] Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols / administration & dosage. Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute / therapy. Stem Cell Transplantation / methods. Transplantation Conditioning / methods

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  • [Copyright] Copyright (c) 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
  • (PMID = 19475701.001).
  • [ISSN] 1099-1069
  • [Journal-full-title] Hematological oncology
  • [ISO-abbreviation] Hematol Oncol
  • [Language] eng
  • [Publication-type] Clinical Trial; Journal Article
  • [Publication-country] England
  • [Chemical-registry-number] G1LN9045DK / Busulfan; ZRP63D75JW / Idarubicin
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34. Bastianutto C, Mian A, Symes J, Mocanu J, Alajez N, Sleep G, Shi W, Keating A, Crump M, Gospodarowicz M, Medin J, Minden M, Liu FF: Local radiotherapy induces homing of hematopoietic stem cells to the irradiated bone marrow. Cancer Res; 2007 Nov 1;67(21):10112-6
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  • Local breast radiation therapy (RT) is associated with a 3-fold increased risk of secondary acute myeloid leukemia.
  • Our data also suggest some opportunities for leukemia prevention in breast cancer patients undergoing RT.
  • [MeSH-major] Bone Marrow Cells / radiation effects. Hematopoietic Stem Cells / radiation effects. Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute / etiology. Leukemia, Radiation-Induced / etiology. Radiotherapy / adverse effects

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  • (PMID = 17974951.001).
  • [ISSN] 1538-7445
  • [Journal-full-title] Cancer research
  • [ISO-abbreviation] Cancer Res.
  • [Language] eng
  • [Publication-type] Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
  • [Publication-country] United States
  • [Chemical-registry-number] 0 / Chemokine CXCL12; 0 / Cxcl12 protein, mouse; EC 3.4.24.24 / Matrix Metalloproteinase 2; EC 3.4.24.35 / Matrix Metalloproteinase 9
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35. Sakai R, Fujimaki K, Yamazaki E, Sakamoto H, Kanamori H, Miura I, Ishigatsubo Y: Acute myelomonocytic leukemia with dysplastic bone marrow eosinophils showing t(5;17)(q13;q11) and a secondary chromosomal aberration, inv(16)(p13q22). Int J Hematol; 2006 Dec;84(5):417-20
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  • [Title] Acute myelomonocytic leukemia with dysplastic bone marrow eosinophils showing t(5;17)(q13;q11) and a secondary chromosomal aberration, inv(16)(p13q22).
  • inv(16)(p13q22) is associated with de novo acute myelomonocytic leukemia with dysplastic bone marrow eosinophils (AMML Eo), which has a relatively favorable clinical course with a longer remission duration and better survival prospects.
  • On the other hand, t(5; 17)(q13;q11), although relatively rare, has been reported to be a component of complex chromosomal abnormalities in myelodysplastic syndromes and secondary acute myeloid leukemia (AML).
  • In general, certain secondary chromosomal abnormalities are associated with the phenotype of the disease, which retains its essential biologic characteristics established by the primary abnormality.
  • Accordingly, the primary nature of the leukemic cells in this case differs from the findings for core-binding factor AML with inv(16)(p13q22).
  • We believe this report is the first of de novo AMML Eo with t(5; 17)(q13;q11) showing as a secondary chromosomal aberration with inv(16)(p13q22).
  • [MeSH-major] Bone Marrow Cells / pathology. Chromosome Inversion. Chromosomes, Human / genetics. Eosinophils / pathology. Leukemia, Myelomonocytic, Acute. Translocation, Genetic

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  • (PMID = 17189222.001).
  • [ISSN] 0925-5710
  • [Journal-full-title] International journal of hematology
  • [ISO-abbreviation] Int. J. Hematol.
  • [Language] eng
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36. Borthakur G, Lin E, Jain N, Estey EE, Cortes JE, O'Brien S, Faderl S, Ravandi F, Pierce S, Kantarjian H: Survival is poorer in patients with secondary core-binding factor acute myelogenous leukemia compared with de novo core-binding factor leukemia. Cancer; 2009 Jul 15;115(14):3217-21
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  • [Title] Survival is poorer in patients with secondary core-binding factor acute myelogenous leukemia compared with de novo core-binding factor leukemia.
  • BACKGROUND: Therapy related secondary acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) was commonly associated with prior exposure to alkylating agents or topoisomerase inhibitor.
  • The long-term outcome of such patients with secondary AML was found to be worse than that of patients with de novo AML.
  • Earlier reports suggested similar outcomes for patients with de novo and secondary AML associated with core-binding factor (CBF) abnormalities.
  • METHODS: A total of 188 patients with CBF AML were analyzed.
  • The frequency of secondary CBF AML was 9%.
  • RESULTS: Patients with secondary CBF AML were found to have significantly worse overall (OS) and event-free survival (EFS) compared with patients with de novo CBF AML.
  • Secondary CBF AML status appeared to have only marginal significance in multivariate analysis.
  • CONCLUSIONS: Matched analysis (by age, Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status, and additional cytogenetic abnormality) indicated worse OS and EFS in patients with secondary CBF AML.
  • [MeSH-major] Core Binding Factors / metabolism. Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute / mortality. Neoplasms, Second Primary / mortality

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  • (PMID = 19441109.001).
  • [ISSN] 0008-543X
  • [Journal-full-title] Cancer
  • [ISO-abbreviation] Cancer
  • [Language] eng
  • [Grant] United States / NCI NIH HHS / CA / P30 CA016672
  • [Publication-type] Journal Article
  • [Publication-country] United States
  • [Chemical-registry-number] 0 / Core Binding Factors; 04079A1RDZ / Cytarabine
  • [Other-IDs] NLM/ NIHMS629439; NLM/ PMC4184418
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37. Ayash LJ, Ratanatharathorn V, Braun T, Silver SM, Reynolds CM, Uberti JP: Unrelated donor bone marrow transplantation using a chemotherapy-only preparative regimen for adults with high-risk acute myelogenous leukemia. Am J Hematol; 2007 Jan;82(1):6-14
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  • [Title] Unrelated donor bone marrow transplantation using a chemotherapy-only preparative regimen for adults with high-risk acute myelogenous leukemia.
  • Limited data are available for adults undergoing unrelated donor (URD) BMT for AML using chemotherapy-only preparative regimens.
  • Previous studies incorporated irradiation, included adults and children, and excluded secondary leukemia.
  • Herein we report long-term outcomes for adults with poor-prognostic AML receiving a novel regimen of busulfan (16 mg/kg), cytarabine (8,000 mg/m(2)), and cyclophosphamide (120 mg/kg) (BAC), followed by URD BMT.
  • Adverse features included unfavorable cytogenetics (49%), secondary AML (47%), leukemia at transplant (42%), and extramedullary disease (16%).
  • At time of BMT, 23 were in remission (12 CR1) while 22 had leukemia.
  • Acute and chronic GVHD rates were 44 and 67%, respectively.
  • Seventeen (38%) were disease-free 52 months post-BMT; 13 were leukemia-free (eight CR1) at transplant.
  • Secondary leukemia, cytogenetics, cell dose, and GVHD did not influence outcome.
  • In poor-risk AML, BAC provided cytoreduction comparable to reported TBI-containing regimens, when administered for URD BMT.
  • [MeSH-major] Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols / administration & dosage. Bone Marrow Transplantation. Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute / therapy. Tissue Donors. Transplantation Conditioning
  • [MeSH-minor] Acute Disease. Adult. Chronic Disease. Disease-Free Survival. Doxorubicin / administration & dosage. Doxorubicin / adverse effects. Factor XIII / administration & dosage. Factor XIII / adverse effects. Female. Fibrinogen / administration & dosage. Fibrinogen / adverse effects. Follow-Up Studies. Graft vs Host Disease / etiology. Graft vs Host Disease / mortality. Humans. Male. Middle Aged. Recurrence. Remission Induction. Retrospective Studies. Thrombin / administration & dosage. Thrombin / adverse effects. Transplantation, Homologous



38. Sovinz P, Urban C, Hausegger K: Life-threatening hemangiomatosis of the liver in an infant: multimodal therapy including cyclophosphamide and secondary acute myeloid leukemia. Pediatr Blood Cancer; 2006 Dec;47(7):972-3
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  • [Title] Life-threatening hemangiomatosis of the liver in an infant: multimodal therapy including cyclophosphamide and secondary acute myeloid leukemia.
  • [MeSH-major] Cyclophosphamide / adverse effects. Hemangioma / therapy. Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute / etiology. Liver Neoplasms / therapy. Neoplasms, Second Primary / etiology



39. Harousseau JL, Martinelli G, Jedrzejczak WW, Brandwein JM, Bordessoule D, Masszi T, Ossenkoppele GJ, Alexeeva JA, Beutel G, Maertens J, Vidriales MB, Dombret H, Thomas X, Burnett AK, Robak T, Khuageva NK, Golenkov AK, Tothova E, Mollgard L, Park YC, Bessems A, De Porre P, Howes AJ, FIGHT-AML-301 Investigators: A randomized phase 3 study of tipifarnib compared with best supportive care, including hydroxyurea, in the treatment of newly diagnosed acute myeloid leukemia in patients 70 years or older. Blood; 2009 Aug 6;114(6):1166-73
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  • [Title] A randomized phase 3 study of tipifarnib compared with best supportive care, including hydroxyurea, in the treatment of newly diagnosed acute myeloid leukemia in patients 70 years or older.
  • This phase 3, multicenter, open-label study evaluated the efficacy and safety of tipifarnib compared with best supportive care (BSC), including hydroxyurea, as first-line therapy in elderly patients (>or=70 years) with newly diagnosed, de novo, or secondary acute myeloid leukemia.
  • [MeSH-major] Antineoplastic Agents / administration & dosage. Hydroxyurea / administration & dosage. Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute / drug therapy. Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute / mortality. Quinolones / administration & dosage

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  • (PMID = 19470696.001).
  • [ISSN] 1528-0020
  • [Journal-full-title] Blood
  • [ISO-abbreviation] Blood
  • [Language] eng
  • [Databank-accession-numbers] ClinicalTrials.gov/ NCT00093990
  • [Publication-type] Clinical Trial, Phase III; Comparative Study; Journal Article; Multicenter Study; Randomized Controlled Trial; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
  • [Publication-country] United States
  • [Chemical-registry-number] 0 / Antineoplastic Agents; 0 / Quinolones; 192185-72-1 / tipifarnib; X6Q56QN5QC / Hydroxyurea
  • [Investigator] Bezares R; Calahonra R; Fernandez I; Bosly J; Bries G; Bron D; Demuynck H; Ferrant A; Maertens J; Noens L; Selleslag D; Zachee P; Del Giglio; Figueiras R; Hungria V; Brandwein J; Kassis J; Sheridan D; Van der Jagt R; Mayer J; Dufva I; Juul Nielsen O; Friis L; Scholer Kristensen J; Bordessoule D; Dombret H; Fenaux P; Harousseau JL; Huguet F; Ifrah N; Pigneaux A; Quesnel B; Randriamalala E; Rossi JF; Thomas X; Vey N; Ganser A; Germing U; Hänel M; Moritz T; Niederwieser; Noppeney R; Borbényi Z; Losonczy H; Masszi T; Radványi G; Udvardy M; Conneally E; O'Dwyer M; Alimena G; Baccarani M; De Fabritiis P; Fanin R; Martinelli G; Kim I; Lee KH; Min YH; Garcés O; Plasencia A; Sobrevilla P; Vela J; Dmoszynska A; Jedrzejczak W; Kloczko J; Kuliczkowski K; Robak T; Skotnicki A; Sulek K; Alexeeva JA; Abdulkadyrov KM; Domnikova N; Dunaev YA; Gaisarova G; Gavrilenko A; Golenkov AK; Khuageva NK; Khlevnaya N; Loginov AB; Patrin VF; Pristupa A; Rossiev VA; Samoilova OS; Shneider TV; Suvorov A; Yablokova VV; Demeckova E; Tothova E; Wild A; Brunet S; Esteve J; Garcia J; Laraña; San Miguel J; Björkholm M; Mollgard L; Tidefelt U; Chou WC; Hsiao LT; Kuo CY; Lin TL; Löwenberg B; Van Marwijk Kooy M; Muus P; Ossenkoppele GJ; Schipperus MR; Schouten HC; Wittebol S; Gülbas Z; Burnett AK; Carr R; El-Agnaf M; Mufti GJ; Rudin C; Kaplan PE; Kryachok IA; Lysa I; Masliak ZV; Pylypenko HV; Stulginskaya MA; Manges RF
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40. Sekeres MA, Elson P, Kalaycio ME, Advani AS, Copelan EA, Faderl S, Kantarjian HM, Estey E: Time from diagnosis to treatment initiation predicts survival in younger, but not older, acute myeloid leukemia patients. Blood; 2009 Jan 1;113(1):28-36
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  • [Title] Time from diagnosis to treatment initiation predicts survival in younger, but not older, acute myeloid leukemia patients.
  • Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is considered an oncologic emergency.
  • We examined the effect of time from AML diagnosis to treatment (TDT) on complete remission (CR) and overall survival (OS), using patient characteristics available at diagnosis.
  • Regression models were applied to older (> or = 60 years) and younger (< 60 years) adults, controlling for age, baseline white blood cell count, secondary AML (sAML), and performance status.
  • AML therapy should be initiated immediately in younger patients.



41. Rubio S, Martins C, Lacerda JF, Carmo JA, Lourenço F, Lacerda JM: Allogeneic stem cell transplantation in patients with myelodysplastic syndrome: outcome analysis according to the International Prognostic Scoring System. Acta Med Port; 2006 Sep-Oct;19(5):343-7
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  • We determined the outcome of patients with myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) and secondary acute myeloid leukemia (sAML) after allogeneic stem cell transplantation according to their international prognostic scoring system (IPSS) risk categories at diagnosis.
  • [MeSH-minor] Acute Disease. Adolescent. Adult. Female. Humans. Leukemia, Myeloid / surgery. Male. Middle Aged. Prognosis. Recurrence. Risk Assessment. Treatment Outcome



42. Tefferi A: Novel mutations and their functional and clinical relevance in myeloproliferative neoplasms: JAK2, MPL, TET2, ASXL1, CBL, IDH and IKZF1. Leukemia; 2010 Jun;24(6):1128-38
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  • Beginning in early 2005, a number of novel mutations involving Janus kinase 2 (JAK2), Myeloproliferative Leukemia Virus (MPL), TET oncogene family member 2 (TET2), Additional Sex Combs-Like 1 (ASXL1), Casitas B-lineage lymphoma proto-oncogene (CBL), Isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) and IKAROS family zinc finger 1 (IKZF1) have been described in BCR-ABL1-negative MPNs.
  • The incidence of TET2, ASXL1, CBL, IDH or IKZF1 mutations in these disorders ranges from 0 to 17%; these latter mutations are more common in chronic (TET2, ASXL1, CBL) or juvenile (CBL) myelomonocytic leukemias, mastocytosis (TET2), myelodysplastic syndromes (TET2, ASXL1) and secondary acute myeloid leukemia, including blast-phase MPN (IDH, ASXL1, IKZF1).

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  • (PMID = 20428194.001).
  • [ISSN] 1476-5551
  • [Journal-full-title] Leukemia
  • [ISO-abbreviation] Leukemia
  • [Language] eng
  • [Publication-type] Journal Article; Review
  • [Publication-country] England
  • [Chemical-registry-number] 0 / ASXL1 protein, human; 0 / Biomarkers, Tumor; 0 / DNA-Binding Proteins; 0 / IKZF1 protein, human; 0 / Neoplasm Proteins; 0 / Proto-Oncogene Proteins; 0 / Receptors, Thrombopoietin; 0 / Repressor Proteins; 0 / TET2 protein, human; 143641-95-6 / MPL protein, human; 148971-36-2 / Ikaros Transcription Factor; EC 1.1.1.41 / Isocitrate Dehydrogenase; EC 1.1.1.42. / IDH1 protein, human; EC 2.7.10.2 / JAK2 protein, human; EC 2.7.10.2 / Janus Kinase 2; EC 6.3.2.- / CBL protein, human; EC 6.3.2.- / Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-cbl
  • [Number-of-references] 171
  • [Other-IDs] NLM/ PMC3035972
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43. Winter SS, Holdsworth MT, Devidas M, Raisch DW, Chauvenet A, Ravindranath Y, Ducore JM, Amylon MD: Antimetabolite-based therapy in childhood T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia: a report of POG study 9296. Pediatr Blood Cancer; 2006 Feb;46(2):179-86
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  • [Title] Antimetabolite-based therapy in childhood T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia: a report of POG study 9296.
  • PURPOSE: A previous Pediatric Oncology Group (POG) study showed high incidence of secondary acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) in children treated for T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) or higher-stage lymphoblastic lymphoma.
  • To prevent secondary neoplasms, induce prolonged asparagine depletion, and maintain high event-free survival (EFS) in children with newly diagnosed T-ALL or higher-stage non-Hodgkins lymphoma (NHL), we designed this pilot study to determine feasibility and safety of substituting methotrexate/mercaptopurine for teniposide/cytarabine and PEG-asparaginase for native asparaginase.
  • No patients treated entirely on this study developed secondary neoplasms.
  • One patient taken off study for asparaginase toxicity was treated with multiagent therapy that contained teniposide, and died from secondary myelodysplasia (sMDS)/AML.
  • EFS was not compromised and secondary neoplasms were decreased.
  • [MeSH-major] Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols / administration & dosage. Precursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma / drug therapy
  • [MeSH-minor] Adolescent. Anthracyclines / administration & dosage. Antimetabolites, Antineoplastic / administration & dosage. Antineoplastic Agents, Alkylating / administration & dosage. Asparaginase / administration & dosage. Asparaginase / adverse effects. Child. Child, Preschool. Disease-Free Survival. Drug Hypersensitivity / etiology. Female. Follow-Up Studies. Humans. Lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin / drug therapy. Lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin / mortality. Male. Pilot Projects. Remission Induction. Sepsis / etiology. Sepsis / mortality

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  • (PMID = 16007607.001).
  • [ISSN] 1545-5009
  • [Journal-full-title] Pediatric blood & cancer
  • [ISO-abbreviation] Pediatr Blood Cancer
  • [Language] eng
  • [Grant] United States / NCI NIH HHS / CA / 5 U10 CA5312; United States / NCI NIH HHS / CA / CA29139
  • [Publication-type] Clinical Trial; Journal Article; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
  • [Publication-country] United States
  • [Chemical-registry-number] 0 / Anthracyclines; 0 / Antimetabolites, Antineoplastic; 0 / Antineoplastic Agents, Alkylating; EC 3.5.1.1 / Asparaginase
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44. Yesilipek MA, Karasu GT, Kupesiz A, Uygun V, Hazar V: Better posttransplant outcome with fludarabine based conditioning in multitransfused fanconi anemia patients who underwent peripheral blood stem cell transplantation. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol; 2009 Jul;31(7):512-5
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  • We lost 3 patients in regimen A group and 1 of them from secondary acute myeloid leukemia.

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  • (PMID = 19564748.001).
  • [ISSN] 1536-3678
  • [Journal-full-title] Journal of pediatric hematology/oncology
  • [ISO-abbreviation] J. Pediatr. Hematol. Oncol.
  • [Language] eng
  • [Publication-type] Clinical Trial; Journal Article
  • [Publication-country] United States
  • [Chemical-registry-number] 0 / Antilymphocyte Serum; 8N3DW7272P / Cyclophosphamide; FA2DM6879K / Vidarabine; P2K93U8740 / fludarabine
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45. Tangen JM, Fløisand Y, Foss-Abrahamsen J, Haukås E, Naess IA, Skjelbakken T: [Survival in adults with acute myelogenous leukemia]. Tidsskr Nor Laegeforen; 2008 May 15;128(10):1164-7
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  • [Title] [Survival in adults with acute myelogenous leukemia].
  • BACKGROUND: Acute myelogenous leukemia is the most common type of acute leukemia in adults.
  • MATERIAL AND METHODS: Survival data were retrieved from the Norwegian Registry for Acute Leukemias and Lymphoblastic Lymphomas for patients with acute myelogenous leukemia (aged from 16 to 60 years) who were registered in the period 1.1.2000-31.12.2005.
  • Patients with secondary acute myelogenous leukemia were classified as high-risk.
  • RESULTS AND INTERPRETATION: 4-year survival was 94.5% in acute promyelocytic leukemia, 77.7% in other low-risk acute myelogenous leukemia, 39.0% in standard risk patients and 29.1% in high-risk patients.
  • The increase is most probably due to an intensification of chemotherapy after remission and to the implementation of all-trans-retinoic acid in the treatment of promyelocytic leukemia.
  • [MeSH-major] Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute / mortality
  • [MeSH-minor] Adolescent. Adult. Age Factors. Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols / administration & dosage. Female. Humans. Leukemia, Promyelocytic, Acute / drug therapy. Leukemia, Promyelocytic, Acute / genetics. Leukemia, Promyelocytic, Acute / mortality. Male. Middle Aged. Neoplasm Recurrence, Local / mortality. Norway / epidemiology. Risk Factors. Survival Rate

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  • [CommentIn] Tidsskr Nor Laegeforen. 2008 Aug 14;128(15):1681-2; author reply 1682 [18704137.001]
  • (PMID = 18480864.001).
  • [ISSN] 0807-7096
  • [Journal-full-title] Tidsskrift for den Norske lægeforening : tidsskrift for praktisk medicin, ny række
  • [ISO-abbreviation] Tidsskr. Nor. Laegeforen.
  • [Language] nor
  • [Publication-type] Comparative Study; English Abstract; Journal Article
  • [Publication-country] Norway
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46. Kuptsova-Clarkson N, Ambrosone CB, Weiss J, Baer MR, Sucheston LE, Zirpoli G, Kopecky KJ, Ford L, Blanco J, Wetzler M, Moysich KB: XPD DNA nucleotide excision repair gene polymorphisms associated with DNA repair deficiency predict better treatment outcomes in secondary acute myeloid leukemia. Int J Mol Epidemiol Genet; 2010;1(4):278-94
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  • [Title] XPD DNA nucleotide excision repair gene polymorphisms associated with DNA repair deficiency predict better treatment outcomes in secondary acute myeloid leukemia.
  • We evaluated these polymorphisms and XPD haplotypes in adult de novo (n=214) and secondary (n=79) acute myeloid leukemia (AML) patients treated with cytarabine and anthracycline chemotherapy.
  • Differential responses were observed in secondary, but not de novo, AML.
  • Among secondary AML patients, the odds of achieving complete remission (CR) were higher for the XPD 312Asn/Asn (OR= 11.23; 95% CI, 2.23-56.63) and XPD 751Gln/Gln (OR= 7.07; 95% CI, 1.42-35.18) genotypes.
  • If validated, these findings could support stratification of chemotherapy in secondary AML.

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  • (PMID = 21394217.001).
  • [ISSN] 1948-1756
  • [Journal-full-title] International journal of molecular epidemiology and genetics
  • [ISO-abbreviation] Int J Mol Epidemiol Genet
  • [Language] ENG
  • [Grant] United States / NCI NIH HHS / CA / CA108353-02; United States / NCI NIH HHS / CA / R03 CA108353; United States / NCI NIH HHS / CA / CA108353-01; United States / NCI NIH HHS / CA / R03 CA108353-02; United States / NCI NIH HHS / CA / R03 CA108353-01
  • [Publication-type] Journal Article
  • [Publication-country] United States
  • [Other-IDs] NLM/ NIHMS247623; NLM/ PMC3049908
  • [Keywords] NOTNLM ; Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML) / DNA repair gene polymorphisms / pharmacogenetics/pharmacogenomics / secondary AML
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47. Ferrara F, Palmieri S, Izzo T, Criscuolo C, Riccardi C: Continuous sequential infusion of fludarabine and cytarabine for elderly patients with acute myeloid leukaemia secondary to a previously diagnosed myelodysplastic syndrome. Hematol Oncol; 2010 Dec;28(4):202-8
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  • [Title] Continuous sequential infusion of fludarabine and cytarabine for elderly patients with acute myeloid leukaemia secondary to a previously diagnosed myelodysplastic syndrome.
  • Acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) secondary to myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) is characterized by poor prognosis, namely in older patients.
  • The combination of fludarabine (F) with cytarabine (ARA-C) ± G-CSF was proven as effective in patients with poor risk AML.
  • The efficacy and toxicity of a regimen including F + ARA-C as sequential continuous infusion (CI-FLA) in 64 untreated patients aged >60 years, in which AML arose after a previous MDS, was investigated.
  • CI-FLA is effective in elderly patients with AML secondary to previously diagnosed MDS.
  • [MeSH-major] Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols / therapeutic use. Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation / methods. Leukemia, Myeloid / therapy. Myelodysplastic Syndromes / complications
  • [MeSH-minor] Acute Disease. Aged. Aged, 80 and over. Combined Modality Therapy. Cytarabine / administration & dosage. Cytarabine / adverse effects. Diarrhea / chemically induced. Disease-Free Survival. Female. Humans. Infusions, Intravenous. Male. Middle Aged. Remission Induction. Transplantation, Autologous. Treatment Outcome. Vidarabine / administration & dosage. Vidarabine / adverse effects. Vidarabine / analogs & derivatives



48. Allen SL, Kolitz JE, Lundberg AS, Bennett JM, Capizzi RL, Budman DR: Phase I trials of amonafide as monotherapy and in combination with cytarabine in patients with poor-risk acute myeloid leukemia. Leuk Res; 2010 Apr;34(4):487-91
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  • [Title] Phase I trials of amonafide as monotherapy and in combination with cytarabine in patients with poor-risk acute myeloid leukemia.
  • Amonafide-l-malate (amonafide) is a unique DNA intercalator that maintains activity in the presence of MDR mechanisms, a frequent cause of treatment-failure in secondary AML.
  • 43 patients with relapsed/refractory or secondary AML or CML blast crisis were enrolled into two phase I dose-escalation studies investigating amonafide as monotherapy or in combination with cytarabine.
  • Between both trials responses occurred in 9/20 patients with secondary AML.
  • Both trials demonstrated an acceptable safety profile and significant antileukemic activity in patients with poor-risk AML, especially those with secondary AML.
  • [MeSH-major] Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols / therapeutic use. Cytarabine / administration & dosage. Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute / drug therapy. Naphthalimides / administration & dosage

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  • [Copyright] Copyright (c) 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
  • (PMID = 19748672.001).
  • [ISSN] 1873-5835
  • [Journal-full-title] Leukemia research
  • [ISO-abbreviation] Leuk. Res.
  • [Language] eng
  • [Publication-type] Clinical Trial, Phase I; Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
  • [Publication-country] England
  • [Chemical-registry-number] 0 / Naphthalimides; 04079A1RDZ / Cytarabine; 1Q8D39N37L / amonafide
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49. Mittal R, Ramaswamy NV, Pandita R, Al Bahar S, Khalifa N, Omar S: Secondary acute myeloid leukemia after successful treatment for osteosarcoma. Indian J Med Paediatr Oncol; 2010 Jan;31(1):33-5
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  • [Title] Secondary acute myeloid leukemia after successful treatment for osteosarcoma.
  • Secondary acute myeloid leukemia (sAML) is a rare complication following chemotherapy for osteogenic sarcoma.
  • Eight months after completion of therapy, while on follow-up, he presented with leukocytosis and thrombocytopenia and confirmed to have AML.

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  • (PMID = 20931020.001).
  • [ISSN] 0975-2129
  • [Journal-full-title] Indian journal of medical and paediatric oncology : official journal of Indian Society of Medical & Paediatric Oncology
  • [ISO-abbreviation] Indian J Med Paediatr Oncol
  • [Language] eng
  • [Publication-type] Journal Article
  • [Publication-country] India
  • [Other-IDs] NLM/ PMC2941602
  • [Keywords] NOTNLM ; Acute myeloid leukemia / chemotherapy / osteosarcoma / secondary malignancy
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50. Shah A, Stiller CA, Kenward MG, Vincent T, Eden TO, Coleman MP: Childhood leukaemia: long-term excess mortality and the proportion 'cured'. Br J Cancer; 2008 Jul 8;99(1):219-23
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  • Average time to cure increased from 12 years (95% confidence interval (CI): 11-14) to 19 years (95% CI: 14-26) for lymphoid leukaemia (average annual increase of 0.3 years; P<0.001), but remained at about 5 years for acute nonlymphoblastic leukaemia.
  • The proportion of children cured of leukaemia has risen dramatically, but the period of excess mortality associated with lymphoid leukaemia has also increased, possibly because of late relapse, secondary malignancy and toxicity from treatment.

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  • (PMID = 18594545.001).
  • [ISSN] 1532-1827
  • [Journal-full-title] British journal of cancer
  • [ISO-abbreviation] Br. J. Cancer
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  • [Grant] United Kingdom / Department of Health / /
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  • [Other-IDs] NLM/ PMC2453011
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51. Lichtman MA: Is there an entity of chemically induced BCR-ABL-positive chronic myelogenous leukemia? Oncologist; 2008 Jun;13(6):645-54
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  • [Title] Is there an entity of chemically induced BCR-ABL-positive chronic myelogenous leukemia?
  • Advances in the therapy of malignancy have been accompanied by an increased frequency of cases of secondary acute myelogenous leukemia and related clonal cytopenias and oligoblastic (subacute) myelogenous leukemia (myelodysplastic syndromes).
  • The acute myelogenous leukemia incidence can be increased by high-dose acute ionizing radiation exposure, alkylating agents, topoisomerase II inhibitors, possibly other DNA-damaging therapeutic agents, heavy, prolonged cigarette smoking, and high dose-time exposure to benzene, the latter less frequently seen in industrialized countries with worksite regulations.
  • Acute myelogenous leukemia and myelodysplastic syndromes may result from innumerable primary types of chromosome damage.
  • In the case of chronic myelogenous leukemia, a specific break in chromosome bands 9q34 and 22q11 must occur to result in the causal fusion oncogene (BCR-ABL).
  • A review of 11 studies of the chromosomal abnormalities found in presumptive cases of cytotoxic therapy-induced leukemia and of 40 studies of the subtypes of leukemia that occur following cytotoxic therapy for other cancers has not provided evidence of an increased risk for chemically induced BCR-ABL-positive chronic myelogenous leukemia.
  • Studies of the effects of alkylating agents, topoisomerase inhibitors, and benzene on chromosomes of hematopoietic cells in vitro, coupled with the aforementioned epidemiological studies of secondary leukemia after cytotoxic therapy or of persons exposed to high dose-time concentrations of benzene in the workplace, do not indicate a relationship among chemical exposure, injury to chromosome bands 9q34 and 22q11, and an increased risk for BCR-ABL-positive chronic myelogenous leukemia.
  • [MeSH-major] Antineoplastic Agents / adverse effects. Chromosome Aberrations. Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive / chemically induced

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  • (PMID = 18586919.001).
  • [ISSN] 1083-7159
  • [Journal-full-title] The oncologist
  • [ISO-abbreviation] Oncologist
  • [Language] eng
  • [Publication-type] Journal Article; Review
  • [Publication-country] United States
  • [Chemical-registry-number] 0 / Antineoplastic Agents
  • [Number-of-references] 113
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52. Kuendgen A, Schmid M, Schlenk R, Knipp S, Hildebrandt B, Steidl C, Germing U, Haas R, Dohner H, Gattermann N: The histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor valproic acid as monotherapy or in combination with all-trans retinoic acid in patients with acute myeloid leukemia. Cancer; 2006 Jan 1;106(1):112-9
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  • [Title] The histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor valproic acid as monotherapy or in combination with all-trans retinoic acid in patients with acute myeloid leukemia.
  • BACKGROUND: Valproic acid (VPA) inhibits histone deacetylase activity and, synergizing with all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA), achieves differentiation induction of myeloid blast cells in vitro.
  • METHODS: We used VPA in 58 patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) who were too old and/or medically unfit to receive intensive chemotherapy (32 AML secondary to myelodysplastic syndrome [MDS], 22 de novo AML, 4 AML secondary to myeloproliferative syndrome).
  • RESULTS: The response rate was only 5% according to International Working Group (IWG) criteria for AML but was 16% when IWG response criteria for MDS were used, which capture hematologic improvement and stabilization of the disease.
  • [MeSH-major] Antineoplastic Agents / therapeutic use. Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors. Leukemia, Myeloid / drug therapy. Tretinoin / therapeutic use. Valproic Acid / therapeutic use
  • [MeSH-minor] Acute Disease. Adult. Aged. Aged, 80 and over. Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols / therapeutic use. Female. Humans. Male. Middle Aged. Treatment Outcome



53. Pyatt DW, Hays SM, Cushing CA: Do children have increased susceptibility for developing secondary acute myelogenous leukemia? Chem Biol Interact; 2005 May 30;153-154:223-9
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  • [Source] The source of this record is MEDLINE®, a database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine.
  • [Title] Do children have increased susceptibility for developing secondary acute myelogenous leukemia?
  • This study was undertaken to evaluate the effects of age on a child's susceptibility to developing leukemia following exposure to known leukemogenic agents.
  • The clinical literature describing the risk of developing acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) following treatment with alkylating agents or topoisomerase reactive drugs (known leukemogens) was used as a basis for this investigation.
  • Although the number of studies and cases was very small, the available scientific and medical literature does not support the hypothesis that children will necessarily have an altered susceptibility or increased risk of developing chemotherapy-induced AML.
  • [MeSH-major] Antineoplastic Agents, Alkylating / adverse effects. Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute / epidemiology. Neoplasms, Second Primary / epidemiology

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  • [ErratumIn] Chem Biol Interact. 2005 Aug 15;155(3):191
  • (PMID = 15878160.001).
  • [ISSN] 0009-2797
  • [Journal-full-title] Chemico-biological interactions
  • [ISO-abbreviation] Chem. Biol. Interact.
  • [Language] eng
  • [Publication-type] Comparative Study; Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
  • [Publication-country] Ireland
  • [Chemical-registry-number] 0 / Antineoplastic Agents, Alkylating; 0 / Topoisomerase II Inhibitors
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54. Ravoet C, Mineur P, Robin V, Debusscher L, Bosly A, André M, El Housni H, Soree A, Bron D, Martiat P: Farnesyl transferase inhibitor (lonafarnib) in patients with myelodysplastic syndrome or secondary acute myeloid leukaemia: a phase II study. Ann Hematol; 2008 Nov;87(11):881-5
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  • [Title] Farnesyl transferase inhibitor (lonafarnib) in patients with myelodysplastic syndrome or secondary acute myeloid leukaemia: a phase II study.
  • We prospectively studied efficiency and tolerance of lonafarnib, a compound able to inhibit Ras signalling pathway through an inhibition of farnesyl transferase, in patients with MDS or secondary acute myeloid leukaemia (sAML).
  • Sixteen patients were included: FAB/RAEB (n = 10), RAEB-T (n = 2), sAML (n = 2) and chronic myelomonocytic leukaemia (CMML; n = 2); WHO/RAEB-1 (n = 4), RAEB-2 (n = 5), AML (n = 5), CMML (n = 2).
  • Lonafarnib alone, administered following our schedule, has shown limited activity in patients with MDS or secondary AML.
  • [MeSH-major] Farnesyltranstransferase / antagonists & inhibitors. Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute / drug therapy. Myelodysplastic Syndromes / drug therapy. Piperidines / adverse effects. Pyridines / adverse effects



55. Karp JE, Smith BD, Gojo I, Lancet JE, Greer J, Klein M, Morris L, Levis MJ, Gore SD, Wright JJ, Garrett-Mayer E: Phase II trial of tipifarnib as maintenance therapy in first complete remission in adults with acute myelogenous leukemia and poor-risk features. Clin Cancer Res; 2008 May 15;14(10):3077-82
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  • [Title] Phase II trial of tipifarnib as maintenance therapy in first complete remission in adults with acute myelogenous leukemia and poor-risk features.
  • PURPOSE: Acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) does not have a high cure rate, particularly in patients with poor-risk features.
  • Tipifarnib is an oral farnesyltransferase inhibitor with activity in AML.
  • We conducted a phase II trial of maintenance tipifarnib monotherapy for 48 adults with poor-risk AML in first CR.
  • Comparison of CR durations for 25 patients who received two-cycle timed sequential therapy followed by tipifarnib maintenance with 23 historically similar patients who did not receive tipifarnib showed that tipifarnib was associated with DFS prolongation for patients with secondary AML and adverse cytogenetics.
  • CONCLUSIONS: This study suggests that some patients with poor-risk AML, including patients with secondary AML and adverse cytogenetics, may benefit from tipifarnib maintenance therapy.

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  • (PMID = 18483374.001).
  • [ISSN] 1078-0432
  • [Journal-full-title] Clinical cancer research : an official journal of the American Association for Cancer Research
  • [ISO-abbreviation] Clin. Cancer Res.
  • [Language] ENG
  • [Grant] United States / NCI NIH HHS / CA / CA 69854; United States / NCI NIH HHS / CA / U01 CA069854-07; United States / NCI NIH HHS / CA / U01 CA069854; United States / NCI NIH HHS / CA / U01 CA70095; United States / NCI NIH HHS / CA / U01 CA070095
  • [Publication-type] Clinical Trial, Phase II; Journal Article; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
  • [Publication-country] United States
  • [Chemical-registry-number] 0 / Antineoplastic Agents; 0 / Quinolones; 192185-72-1 / tipifarnib
  • [Other-IDs] NLM/ NIHMS281726; NLM/ PMC3074480
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56. Figueroa ME, Skrabanek L, Li Y, Jiemjit A, Fandy TE, Paietta E, Fernandez H, Tallman MS, Greally JM, Carraway H, Licht JD, Gore SD, Melnick A: MDS and secondary AML display unique patterns and abundance of aberrant DNA methylation. Blood; 2009 Oct 15;114(16):3448-58
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  • [Title] MDS and secondary AML display unique patterns and abundance of aberrant DNA methylation.
  • Increasing evidence shows aberrant hypermethylation of genes occurring in and potentially contributing to pathogenesis of myeloid malignancies.
  • To determine the extent of promoter hypermethylation in such tumors, we compared the distribution of DNA methylation of 14 000 promoters in MDS and secondary acute myeloid leukemia (AML) patients enrolled in a phase 1 trial of 5-azacytidine and the histone deacetylase inhibitor entinostat against de novo AML patients and normal CD34(+) bone marrow cells.
  • The MDS and secondary AML patients displayed more extensive aberrant DNA methylation involving thousands of genes than did the normal CD34(+) bone marrow cells or de novo AML blasts.
  • Aberrant methylation in MDS and secondary AML tended to affect particular chromosomal regions, occurred more frequently in Alu-poor genes, and included prominent involvement of genes involved in the WNT and MAPK signaling pathways.
  • [MeSH-major] Azacitidine / administration & dosage. DNA Methylation / drug effects. DNA, Neoplasm / metabolism. Enzyme Inhibitors / administration & dosage. Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute. Myelodysplastic Syndromes. Neoplasms, Second Primary / drug therapy. Neoplasms, Second Primary / metabolism

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  • (PMID = 19652201.001).
  • [ISSN] 1528-0020
  • [Journal-full-title] Blood
  • [ISO-abbreviation] Blood
  • [Language] eng
  • [Databank-accession-numbers] ClinicalTrials.gov/ NCT00101179
  • [Grant] United States / NCI NIH HHS / CA / R21 CA110507; United States / NCI NIH HHS / CA / U10 CA021115; United States / NCI NIH HHS / CA / U54 CA143876-01; United States / NCI NIH HHS / CA / K24 CA111717; United States / NCI NIH HHS / CA / R01 CA125635; United States / NCI NIH HHS / CA / U01 CA070095; United States / NCI NIH HHS / CA / U54 CA143876; United States / NICHD NIH HHS / HD / R01 HD044078; United States / NCI NIH HHS / CA / CA21115; United States / NCI NIH HHS / CA / U24 CA114737; United States / NCI NIH HHS / CA / R01 CA104348; United States / NCI NIH HHS / CA / U01CA70095
  • [Publication-type] Clinical Trial; Journal Article; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
  • [Publication-country] United States
  • [Chemical-registry-number] 0 / Antigens, CD34; 0 / DNA, Neoplasm; 0 / Enzyme Inhibitors; 0 / Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors; 0 / Wnt Proteins; EC 3.5.1.98 / Histone Deacetylases; M801H13NRU / Azacitidine
  • [Other-IDs] NLM/ PMC2765680
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57. de Witte T, Hagemeijer A, Suciu S, Belhabri A, Delforge M, Kobbe G, Selleslag D, Schouten HC, Ferrant A, Biersack H, Amadori S, Muus P, Jansen JH, Hellström-Lindberg E, Kovacsovics T, Wijermans P, Ossenkoppele G, Gratwohl A, Marie JP, Willemze R: Value of allogeneic versus autologous stem cell transplantation and chemotherapy in patients with myelodysplastic syndromes and secondary acute myeloid leukemia. Final results of a prospective randomized European Intergroup Trial. Haematologica; 2010 Oct;95(10):1754-61
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  • [Title] Value of allogeneic versus autologous stem cell transplantation and chemotherapy in patients with myelodysplastic syndromes and secondary acute myeloid leukemia. Final results of a prospective randomized European Intergroup Trial.
  • [MeSH-major] Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation / methods. Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute / therapy. Myelodysplastic Syndromes / therapy

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  • [CommentIn] Haematologica. 2010 Oct;95(10):1623-7 [20884716.001]
  • (PMID = 20494931.001).
  • [ISSN] 1592-8721
  • [Journal-full-title] Haematologica
  • [ISO-abbreviation] Haematologica
  • [Language] eng
  • [Databank-accession-numbers] ClinicalTrials.gov/ NCT00002926
  • [Grant] United States / NCI NIH HHS / CA / 5U10 CA11488-32; United States / NCI NIH HHS / CA / 5U10 CA11488-27; United States / NCI NIH HHS / CA / 5U10 CA11488-38; United States / NCI NIH HHS / CA / 5U10 CA11488-28; United States / NCI NIH HHS / CA / 5U10 CA11488-35; United States / NCI NIH HHS / CA / 5U10 CA11488-31; United States / NCI NIH HHS / CA / 5U10 CA11488-26; United States / NCI NIH HHS / CA / 5U10 CA11488-37; United States / NCI NIH HHS / CA / U10 CA011488; United States / NCI NIH HHS / CA / 5U10 CA11488-29; United States / NCI NIH HHS / CA / 5U10 CA11488-36; United States / NCI NIH HHS / CA / 5U10 CA11488-33; United States / NCI NIH HHS / CA / 5U10 CA11488-34; United States / NCI NIH HHS / CA / 5U10 CA11488-30
  • [Publication-type] Comparative Study; Journal Article; Randomized Controlled Trial; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
  • [Publication-country] Italy
  • [Other-IDs] NLM/ PMC2948102
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58. Gupta V, Chun K, Yi QL, Minden M, Schuh A, Wells R, Brandwein J: Disease biology rather than age is the most important determinant of survival of patients &gt; or = 60 years with acute myeloid leukemia treated with uniform intensive therapy. Cancer; 2005 May 15;103(10):2082-90
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  • [Title] Disease biology rather than age is the most important determinant of survival of patients > or = 60 years with acute myeloid leukemia treated with uniform intensive therapy.
  • BACKGROUND: The objectives of the current study were to evaluate the outcome of patients > or = 60 years with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) treated uniformly with high-dose daunorubicin containing induction and modified high-dose cytosine arabinoside containing postremission therapy, and to identify factors predictive of complete disease remission (CR) and survival.
  • METHODS: Between 1998 and 2002, the authors treated 117 newly diagnosed patients (acute promyelocytic leukemia excluded) with AML > or = 60 years (median, 67 years; range, 60-82 years).
  • A normal karyotype was seen in 41 patients and 40 (34%) had secondary AML.
  • [MeSH-major] Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols / therapeutic use. Leukemia, Myeloid / drug therapy
  • [MeSH-minor] Acute Disease. Age Factors. Aged. Aged, 80 and over. Antibiotics, Antineoplastic / administration & dosage. Antimetabolites, Antineoplastic / administration & dosage. Cytarabine / administration & dosage. Daunorubicin / administration & dosage. Disease-Free Survival. Female. Follow-Up Studies. Hematologic Diseases / complications. Humans. Karyotyping. L-Lactate Dehydrogenase / analysis. Leukocyte Count. Male. Middle Aged. Myelodysplastic Syndromes / complications. Remission Induction. Retrospective Studies. Survival Rate. Treatment Outcome

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  • (PMID = 15830348.001).
  • [ISSN] 0008-543X
  • [Journal-full-title] Cancer
  • [ISO-abbreviation] Cancer
  • [Language] eng
  • [Publication-type] Journal Article
  • [Publication-country] United States
  • [Chemical-registry-number] 0 / Antibiotics, Antineoplastic; 0 / Antimetabolites, Antineoplastic; 04079A1RDZ / Cytarabine; EC 1.1.1.27 / L-Lactate Dehydrogenase; ZS7284E0ZP / Daunorubicin
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59. D'Andrea AD: Targeting DNA repair pathways in AML. Best Pract Res Clin Haematol; 2010 Dec;23(4):469-73
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  • [Title] Targeting DNA repair pathways in AML.
  • DNA repair inhibitors, such as poly-ADP-ribose polymerase (PARP) inhibitors, may be useful in a small subset of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) patients, especially those who have complex karyotypes or those with secondary AML.
  • [MeSH-major] Antineoplastic Agents / therapeutic use. DNA Repair / drug effects. Enzyme Inhibitors / therapeutic use. Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute / drug therapy. Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute / metabolism

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  • [Copyright] Copyright © 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
  • (PMID = 21130409.001).
  • [ISSN] 1532-1924
  • [Journal-full-title] Best practice & research. Clinical haematology
  • [ISO-abbreviation] Best Pract Res Clin Haematol
  • [Language] eng
  • [Publication-type] Journal Article; Review
  • [Publication-country] Netherlands
  • [Chemical-registry-number] 0 / Antineoplastic Agents; 0 / Biomarkers, Tumor; 0 / Enzyme Inhibitors; 0 / Poly(ADP-ribose) Polymerase Inhibitors; EC 2.4.2.30 / Poly(ADP-ribose) Polymerases
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60. Karp JE, Smith BD, Levis MJ, Gore SD, Greer J, Hattenburg C, Briel J, Jones RJ, Wright JJ, Colevas AD: Sequential flavopiridol, cytosine arabinoside, and mitoxantrone: a phase II trial in adults with poor-risk acute myelogenous leukemia. Clin Cancer Res; 2007 Aug 1;13(15 Pt 1):4467-73
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  • [Title] Sequential flavopiridol, cytosine arabinoside, and mitoxantrone: a phase II trial in adults with poor-risk acute myelogenous leukemia.
  • In a phase I study of flavopiridol followed by 1-beta-d-arabinofuranosylcytosine (ara-C) and mitoxantrone, overall response rate for adults with relapsed and refractory acute myelogenous leukemias (AML) was 31%.
  • We have now completed a phase II study of sequential flavopiridol, ara-C, and mitoxantrone in 62 adults with poor-risk AML.
  • Complete remissions (CR) were achieved in 12 of 15 (75%) newly diagnosed secondary AML, 18 of 24 (75%) first relapse after short CR (median CR, 9 months, including prior allotransplant), and 2 of 13 (15%) primary refractory but 0 of 10 multiply refractory AML.
  • CONCLUSIONS: Flavopiridol has anti-AML activity directly and in combination with ara-C and mitoxantrone.
  • This timed sequential regimen induces durable CRs in a significant proportion of adults with newly diagnosed secondary AML (including complex cytogenetics) and adults with AML in first relapse after short first CR.
  • [MeSH-major] Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols / therapeutic use. Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute / drug therapy

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  • (PMID = 17671131.001).
  • [ISSN] 1078-0432
  • [Journal-full-title] Clinical cancer research : an official journal of the American Association for Cancer Research
  • [ISO-abbreviation] Clin. Cancer Res.
  • [Language] eng
  • [Grant] United States / NCRR NIH HHS / RR / M01-RR0052; United States / NCI NIH HHS / CA / U01 CA70095
  • [Publication-type] Clinical Trial, Phase II; Journal Article; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
  • [Publication-country] United States
  • [Chemical-registry-number] 0 / Flavonoids; 0 / Piperidines; 04079A1RDZ / Cytarabine; 45AD6X575G / alvocidib; BZ114NVM5P / Mitoxantrone
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66. Gyurkocza B, Storb R, Storer BE, Chauncey TR, Lange T, Shizuru JA, Langston AA, Pulsipher MA, Bredeson CN, Maziarz RT, Bruno B, Petersen FB, Maris MB, Agura E, Yeager A, Bethge W, Sahebi F, Appelbaum FR, Maloney DG, Sandmaier BM: Nonmyeloablative allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation in patients with acute myeloid leukemia. J Clin Oncol; 2010 Jun 10;28(17):2859-67
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  • [Title] Nonmyeloablative allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation in patients with acute myeloid leukemia.
  • PURPOSE: Allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) after high-dose conditioning regimens imposes prohibitively high risks of morbidity and mortality for patients with high-risk acute myeloid leukemia (AML) who are older or have comorbid conditions.
  • PATIENTS AND METHODS: Two hundred seventy-four patients (median age, 60 years) with de novo or secondary AML underwent allogeneic HCT from related (n = 118) or unrelated donors (n = 156) after conditioning with 2 Gy of total-body irradiation (TBI) with or without fludarabine.
  • The cumulative incidences of grades 2, 3, and 4 acute graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) were 38%, 9%, and 5%, respectively.
  • CONCLUSION: Allogeneic HCT from related or unrelated donors after conditioning with low-dose TBI and fludarabine, relying almost exclusively on graft-versus-leukemia effects, can result in long-term remissions in older or medically infirm patients with AML.

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  • (PMID = 20439626.001).
  • [ISSN] 1527-7755
  • [Journal-full-title] Journal of clinical oncology : official journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology
  • [ISO-abbreviation] J. Clin. Oncol.
  • [Language] ENG
  • [Grant] United States / NCI NIH HHS / CA / CA18029; United States / NHLBI NIH HHS / HL / HL36444; United States / NCI NIH HHS / CA / P01 CA018029; United States / NCI NIH HHS / CA / P30 CA015704; United States / NCI NIH HHS / CA / CA78902; United States / NCI NIH HHS / CA / R21 CA106177; United States / NCI NIH HHS / CA / CA15704; United States / NHLBI NIH HHS / HL / P01 HL036444; United States / NCI NIH HHS / CA / CA106177; United States / NCI NIH HHS / CA / P01 CA078902
  • [Publication-type] Journal Article; Multicenter Study; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
  • [Publication-country] United States
  • [Other-IDs] NLM/ PMC2903320
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67. Larson RA: Is secondary leukemia an independent poor prognostic factor in acute myeloid leukemia? Best Pract Res Clin Haematol; 2007 Mar;20(1):29-37
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  • [Title] Is secondary leukemia an independent poor prognostic factor in acute myeloid leukemia?
  • Secondary leukemia is a poorly defined term that often refers to the development of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) following the history of a previous disease, such as a myelodysplastic syndrome or a chronic myeloproliferative disorder.
  • Secondary leukemia can also be a consequence of treatment with chemotherapy, including alkylating agents and topoisomerase II inhibitors, and/or radiotherapy, or due to exposure to environmental carcinogens.
  • Outcomes for this large and variable group of patients with secondary AML have been poor compared to people who develop AML de novo.
  • The question arises whether a diagnosis of secondary leukemia per se indicates a poor prognosis or whether their bad outcomes result from an association with certain morphologic and biologic characteristics.
  • Morphologic dysplasia in de novo AML is related to unfavorable cytogenetics, but has no independent prognostic relevance under the conditions of intensive chemotherapy.
  • While there is no significant correlation between cytogenetic risk groups and dysplasia, cytogenetic features do have an impact on outcome among both de novo and secondary AML patients.
  • In various subgroups of secondary AML, the spectrum of cytogenetic abnormalities is similar to de novo AML, but the frequency of abnormalities associated with unfavorable and intermediate risk cytogenetics, such as a complex karyotype, trisomy 8, monosomy 7, and others, is higher in secondary AML.
  • The survival of patients with therapy-related myeloid leukemia (t-AML) is generally shorter than for those with de novo AML within the same cytogenetic risk group.
  • Across the population of t-AML, however, survival varies according to cytogenetic risk group, with longer survival in patients with favorable-risk karyotypes.
  • The term secondary AML is too broad and imprecise to be of importance and should not be used.
  • These AML patients should be enrolled on front-line chemotherapy trials and should be stratified by pretreatment disease status and exposure history, if necessary.
  • [MeSH-major] Chromosome Aberrations. Leukemia, Myeloid / drug therapy. Leukemia, Myeloid / genetics
  • [MeSH-minor] Acute Disease. Humans. Myelodysplastic Syndromes. Myeloproliferative Disorders. Neoplasms, Second Primary / drug therapy. Neoplasms, Second Primary / genetics. Prognosis. Survival Analysis

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  • (PMID = 17336252.001).
  • [ISSN] 1521-6926
  • [Journal-full-title] Best practice & research. Clinical haematology
  • [ISO-abbreviation] Best Pract Res Clin Haematol
  • [Language] eng
  • [Publication-type] Journal Article; Review
  • [Publication-country] England
  • [Number-of-references] 23
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68. Gombos DS, Hungerford J, Abramson DH, Kingston J, Chantada G, Dunkel IJ, Antoneli CB, Greenwald M, Haik BG, Leal CA, Medina-Sanson A, Schefler AC, Veerakul G, Wieland R, Bornfeld N, Wilson MW, Yu CB: Secondary acute myelogenous leukemia in patients with retinoblastoma: is chemotherapy a factor? Ophthalmology; 2007 Jul;114(7):1378-83
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  • [Title] Secondary acute myelogenous leukemia in patients with retinoblastoma: is chemotherapy a factor?
  • PURPOSE: To describe a series of patients with secondary acute myelogenous leukemia (sAML) and retinoblastoma (RB).
  • MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: History of RB and development of sAML, management of RB (surgery, radiotherapy, chemotherapy), age at diagnosis of RB and leukemia, French-American-British (FAB) subtype, and current status of patient (alive or dead).
  • Mean latent period from RB to AML diagnosis was 9.8 years (median, 42 months).
  • Ten children died of their leukemia.
  • CONCLUSIONS: Acute myelogenous leukemia is a rare secondary malignancy among retinoblastoma patients, many of whom were treated with primary or adjuvant chemotherapy.
  • [MeSH-major] Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic / adverse effects. Enzyme Inhibitors / adverse effects. Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute / chemically induced. Neoplasms, Second Primary / chemically induced. Podophyllotoxin / adverse effects. Retinal Neoplasms / drug therapy. Retinoblastoma / drug therapy. Topoisomerase II Inhibitors



69. Ko M, Huang Y, Jankowska AM, Pape UJ, Tahiliani M, Bandukwala HS, An J, Lamperti ED, Koh KP, Ganetzky R, Liu XS, Aravind L, Agarwal S, Maciejewski JP, Rao A: Impaired hydroxylation of 5-methylcytosine in myeloid cancers with mutant TET2. Nature; 2010 Dec 9;468(7325):839-43
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  • [Title] Impaired hydroxylation of 5-methylcytosine in myeloid cancers with mutant TET2.
  • The gene encoding TET2 resides at chromosome 4q24, in a region showing recurrent microdeletions and copy-neutral loss of heterozygosity (CN-LOH) in patients with diverse myeloid malignancies.
  • Somatic TET2 mutations are frequently observed in myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS), myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPN), MDS/MPN overlap syndromes including chronic myelomonocytic leukaemia (CMML), acute myeloid leukaemias (AML) and secondary AML (sAML).
  • We show here that TET2 mutations associated with myeloid malignancies compromise catalytic activity.
  • Our results demonstrate that Tet2 is important for normal myelopoiesis, and suggest that disruption of TET2 enzymatic activity favours myeloid tumorigenesis.
  • Measurement of 5hmC levels in myeloid malignancies may prove valuable as a diagnostic and prognostic tool, to tailor therapies and assess responses to anticancer drugs.



70. Al-Ali HK, Brand R, van Biezen A, Finke J, Boogaerts M, Fauser AA, Egeler M, Cahn JY, Arnold R, Biersack H, Niederwieser D, de Witte T: A retrospective comparison of autologous and unrelated donor hematopoietic cell transplantation in myelodysplastic syndrome and secondary acute myeloid leukemia: a report on behalf of the Chronic Leukemia Working Party of the European Group for Blood and Marrow Transplantation (EBMT). Leukemia; 2007 Sep;21(9):1945-51
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  • [Title] A retrospective comparison of autologous and unrelated donor hematopoietic cell transplantation in myelodysplastic syndrome and secondary acute myeloid leukemia: a report on behalf of the Chronic Leukemia Working Party of the European Group for Blood and Marrow Transplantation (EBMT).
  • Hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) is an effective treatment for myelodysplasia (MDS) and secondary acute myeloid leukemia (sAML).
  • [MeSH-major] Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation / mortality. Leukemia, Myeloid / mortality. Leukemia, Myeloid / therapy. Myelodysplastic Syndromes / mortality. Myelodysplastic Syndromes / therapy
  • [MeSH-minor] Acute Disease. Adolescent. Adult. Age Distribution. Aged. Disease-Free Survival. Female. Humans. Incidence. Male. Middle Aged. Recurrence. Retrospective Studies. Survival Analysis. Tissue Donors. Transplantation, Autologous. Transplantation, Homologous. Treatment Outcome



71. Preudhomme C, Renneville A, Bourdon V, Philippe N, Roche-Lestienne C, Boissel N, Dhedin N, André JM, Cornillet-Lefebvre P, Baruchel A, Mozziconacci MJ, Sobol H: High frequency of RUNX1 biallelic alteration in acute myeloid leukemia secondary to familial platelet disorder. Blood; 2009 May 28;113(22):5583-7
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  • [Title] High frequency of RUNX1 biallelic alteration in acute myeloid leukemia secondary to familial platelet disorder.
  • Familial platelet disorder (FPD), a rare autosomal dominant disorder characterized by quantitative and qualitative platelet abnormalities, is considered as a model of genetic predisposition to acute myeloid leukemia (AML).
  • So far, monoallelic RUNX1 germline mutations have been found in 19 of 20 families with reported FPD, and the analysis of blast cells from only 5 patients at acute leukemia (AL) stage has shown no additional RUNX1 abnormality.
  • In addition to the germline RUNX1 mutation, we identified a second RUNX1 alteration in 6 AML cases (acquired point mutations in 4 cases and duplication of the altered RUNX1 allele associated with acquired trisomy 21 in 2 other cases).
  • Although haploinsufficiency of RUNX1 causes FPD, our findings suggest that a second genetic event involving RUNX1 is often associated with progression to AML.
  • [MeSH-major] Blood Platelet Disorders / genetics. Core Binding Factor Alpha 2 Subunit / genetics. Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute / genetics



72. Pulsoni A, Pagano L: Treatment of secondary acute myeloid leukemia. J Clin Oncol; 2005 Feb 1;23(4):926-7
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  • [Title] Treatment of secondary acute myeloid leukemia.
  • [MeSH-major] Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute / therapy. Neoplasms, Second Primary / therapy

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  • [CommentOn] J Clin Oncol. 2004 Jun 15;22(12):2510-1 [15197216.001]
  • (PMID = 15681547.001).
  • [ISSN] 0732-183X
  • [Journal-full-title] Journal of clinical oncology : official journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology
  • [ISO-abbreviation] J. Clin. Oncol.
  • [Language] eng
  • [Publication-type] Comment; Letter
  • [Publication-country] United States
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73. Marcucci G, Mrózek K, Ruppert AS, Maharry K, Kolitz JE, Moore JO, Mayer RJ, Pettenati MJ, Powell BL, Edwards CG, Sterling LJ, Vardiman JW, Schiffer CA, Carroll AJ, Larson RA, Bloomfield CD: Prognostic factors and outcome of core binding factor acute myeloid leukemia patients with t(8;21) differ from those of patients with inv(16): a Cancer and Leukemia Group B study. J Clin Oncol; 2005 Aug 20;23(24):5705-17
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  • [Title] Prognostic factors and outcome of core binding factor acute myeloid leukemia patients with t(8;21) differ from those of patients with inv(16): a Cancer and Leukemia Group B study.
  • PURPOSE: Because both t(8;21) and inv(16) disrupt core binding factor (CBF) in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and confer relatively favorable prognoses, these cytogenetic groups are often treated similarly.
  • PATIENTS AND METHODS: We analyzed 144 consecutive adults with t(8;21) and 168 with inv(16) treated on Cancer and Leukemia Group B front-line studies.
  • RESULTS: With a median follow-up of 6.4 years, for CBF AML as a whole, the CR rate was 88%, 5-year OS was 50% and CIR was 53%.
  • Unexpectedly, race was an important predictor for t(8;21) AML, in that nonwhites failed induction more often (odds ratio = 5.7; P = .006) and had shorter OS than whites when certain secondary cytogenetic abnormalities were present.
  • For inv(16) AML, secondary cytogenetic abnormalities (especially +22) and male sex predicted better outcome.
  • CONCLUSION: When the prognostic impact of race, secondary cytogenetic abnormalities, sex, and response to salvage treatment is considered, t(8;21) and inv(16) AMLs seem to be distinct clinical entities and should be stratified and reported separately.
  • [MeSH-major] Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols / therapeutic use. Chromosome Aberrations. Leukemia, Myeloid / drug therapy. Leukemia, Myeloid / genetics
  • [MeSH-minor] Acute Disease. Aged. Aziridines / administration & dosage. Benzoquinones / administration & dosage. Cyclophosphamide / administration & dosage. Cytarabine / administration & dosage. Daunorubicin / administration & dosage. Etoposide / administration & dosage. Female. Humans. Male. Middle Aged. Mitoxantrone / administration & dosage. Prognosis. Proportional Hazards Models. Prospective Studies. Remission Induction. Statistics, Nonparametric. Survival Analysis

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  • (PMID = 16110030.001).
  • [ISSN] 0732-183X
  • [Journal-full-title] Journal of clinical oncology : official journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology
  • [ISO-abbreviation] J. Clin. Oncol.
  • [Language] eng
  • [Grant] United States / NCI NIH HHS / CA / CA101140; United States / NCI NIH HHS / CA / CA31946; United States / NCI NIH HHS / CA / CA77658; United States / NCI NIH HHS / CA / K08-CA90469; United States / NCI NIH HHS / CA / P30-CA16058
  • [Publication-type] Journal Article; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.
  • [Publication-country] United States
  • [Chemical-registry-number] 0 / Aziridines; 0 / Benzoquinones; 04079A1RDZ / Cytarabine; 6PLQ3CP4P3 / Etoposide; 8N3DW7272P / Cyclophosphamide; BZ114NVM5P / Mitoxantrone; FQL5EUP13W / diaziquone; ZS7284E0ZP / Daunorubicin
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74. Sun XF, Han B, Feng J, Zhou DB, Wang SJ, Xu Y, Chen JL, Jiao L, Zhang W, Li J, Duan MH, Zhu TN, Zou N, Hua BL, Cai HC, Zhao YQ: [Clinical features of invasive pulmonary fungal infection secondary to malignant blood diseases]. Zhongguo Yi Xue Ke Xue Yuan Xue Bao; 2009 Oct;31(5):575-9
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  • [Title] [Clinical features of invasive pulmonary fungal infection secondary to malignant blood diseases].
  • OBJECTIVE: To summarize the clinical features of invasive pulmonary fungal infection (IPFI) secondary to malignant blood diseases (MBD).
  • METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed the clinical data of 52 patients with IPFI secondary to MBD admitted to Peking Union Medical College Hospital from January 1995 to December 2008.
  • RESULTS: The incidences of IPFI secondary to acute myeloid leukemia (AML), acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL), and aplastic anemia (AA) were 4.6%, 3.2%, 2.8%, and 2.5%, respectively.
  • In patients with IPFI secondary to AML, 88.5% (23/26) of the patients suffered from the infections during the non-remission (NR) period (including relapse), and 11.5% (3/26) in the complete-remission (CR) period.
  • In all the patients with IPFI secondary to malignant blood diseases, 86.5% (45/52) of MBD were neutropenic or agranulocytic, and 67.3% (35/52) had been treated with broad-spectrum antibiotics for more than 96 hours before anti-fungal therapy.
  • CONCLUSIONS: IPFI secondary to MBD is most common in AML patients.
  • Patients with NR of AML, neutropenia or agranulocytosis, and long-term broad-spectrum antibiotics usage are susceptible to IPFI.

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  • (PMID = 19968074.001).
  • [ISSN] 1000-503X
  • [Journal-full-title] Zhongguo yi xue ke xue yuan xue bao. Acta Academiae Medicinae Sinicae
  • [ISO-abbreviation] Zhongguo Yi Xue Ke Xue Yuan Xue Bao
  • [Language] chi
  • [Publication-type] English Abstract; Journal Article
  • [Publication-country] China
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75. Kornblau SM, Minden MD, Rosen DB, Putta S, Cohen A, Covey T, Spellmeyer DC, Fantl WJ, Gayko U, Cesano A: Dynamic single-cell network profiles in acute myelogenous leukemia are associated with patient response to standard induction therapy. Clin Cancer Res; 2010 Jul 15;16(14):3721-33
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  • [Title] Dynamic single-cell network profiles in acute myelogenous leukemia are associated with patient response to standard induction therapy.
  • PURPOSE: Complete response to induction chemotherapy is observed in approximately 60% of patients with newly diagnosed non-M3 acute myelogenous leukemia (AML).
  • However, no methods exist to predict with high accuracy at the individual patient level the response to standard AML induction therapy.
  • EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN: We applied single-cell network profiling (SCNP) using flow cytometry, a tool that allows a comprehensive functional assessment of intracellular signaling pathways in heterogeneous tissues, to two training cohorts of AML samples (n = 34 and 88) to predict the likelihood of response to induction chemotherapy.
  • Results were independent of cytogenetics, FLT3 mutational status, and diagnosis of secondary AML.
  • SCNP provides information distinct from other known prognostic factors such as age, secondary AML, cytogenetics, and molecular alterations and is potentially combinable with the latter to improve clinical decision making.
  • [MeSH-major] Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols / therapeutic use. Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute / drug therapy. Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute / metabolism



76. Monreal MB, Pardo ML, Pavlovsky MA, Fernandez I, Corrado CS, Giere I, Sapia S, Pavlovsky S: Increased immature hematopoietic progenitor cells CD34+/CD38dim in myelodysplasia. Cytometry B Clin Cytom; 2006 Mar;70(2):63-70
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  • METHODS: We analyzed the expression of CD38 and HLA-DR on CD34+ cells by flow cytometry in 36 patients with MDS, as well as in healthy donors (n = 12) and patients with other hematological disorders: non-Hodgkin lymphomas and multiple myeloma, both in complete remission (CR) (n = 32); acute lymphoblastic leukemia in CR (n = 17); de novo acute myeloblastic leukemia (AML) at diagnosis (n = 22) and in CR (n = 37); and AML secondary to MDS at diagnosis (n = 19).
  • RESULTS: Compared to normal BM, the fraction of immature HPC, characterized as CD34+bright, intermediate FSC/SSC, and CD38dim, was significantly increased in high risk MDS and secondary AML, but not in low risk MDS, (P < or = 0.001, P = 0.03, and P = 0.7).
  • De novo AML showed decreased immature HPC.
  • Increased immature HPC in high risk MDS and secondary AML may reflect blocked differentiation of CD34+ cells in these diseases.
  • [MeSH-minor] Adult. Aged. Aged, 80 and over. Cell Differentiation. Disease Progression. Female. Flow Cytometry. HLA-DR Antigens / immunology. Humans. Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute / diagnosis. Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute / immunology. Lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin / diagnosis. Lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin / immunology. Male. Middle Aged. Multiple Myeloma / diagnosis. Multiple Myeloma / immunology. Observer Variation. Phenotype. Precursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma / diagnosis. Precursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma / immunology. Prognosis. Reproducibility of Results. Risk Factors

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  • [Copyright] Copyright 2005 International Society for Analytical Cytology.
  • (PMID = 16470534.001).
  • [ISSN] 1552-4949
  • [Journal-full-title] Cytometry. Part B, Clinical cytometry
  • [ISO-abbreviation] Cytometry B Clin Cytom
  • [Language] eng
  • [Publication-type] Evaluation Studies; Journal Article
  • [Publication-country] United States
  • [Chemical-registry-number] 0 / Antigens, CD34; 0 / HLA-DR Antigens; EC 3.2.2.5 / Antigens, CD38
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77. Mihailov G, Ganeva P, Vassileva N, Guenova M, Balacenko G, Toshkov S, Hodjadjik D: Secondary acute myeloid leukemia early after therapy for Hodgkin's disease--a case report. J BUON; 2007 Jul-Sep;12(3):403-6
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  • [Title] Secondary acute myeloid leukemia early after therapy for Hodgkin's disease--a case report.
  • A case of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) after successful therapy for Hodgkin's disease (HD) is reported.
  • Seven months after the CR was obtained the patient developed AML.
  • Knowing that the prognosis of patients with secondary AML (sAML) after primary HD is poor we decided to perform autologous peripheral stem cells' transplantation.
  • [MeSH-major] Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation. Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute / diagnosis. Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute / surgery. Neoplasms, Second Primary / diagnosis. Neoplasms, Second Primary / surgery

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  • (PMID = 17918297.001).
  • [ISSN] 1107-0625
  • [Journal-full-title] Journal of B.U.ON. : official journal of the Balkan Union of Oncology
  • [ISO-abbreviation] J BUON
  • [Language] eng
  • [Publication-type] Case Reports; Journal Article
  • [Publication-country] Greece
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78. Mead AJ, Linch DC, Hills RK, Wheatley K, Burnett AK, Gale RE: FLT3 tyrosine kinase domain mutations are biologically distinct from and have a significantly more favorable prognosis than FLT3 internal tandem duplications in patients with acute myeloid leukemia. Blood; 2007 Aug 15;110(4):1262-70
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  • [Title] FLT3 tyrosine kinase domain mutations are biologically distinct from and have a significantly more favorable prognosis than FLT3 internal tandem duplications in patients with acute myeloid leukemia.
  • The prognostic impact of tyrosine kinase domain (TKD) mutations of the fms-like tyrosine kinase-3 (FLT3) gene in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is currently uncertain.
  • To resolve this issue we screened 1107 young adult nonacute promyelocytic leukemia AML patients with known FLT3 internal tandem duplication (ITD) status for FLT3/TKDs; they were detected in 127 (11%) cases.
  • Mutations were associated with a high white cell count (P =.006) and patients with inv(16) (P = .005) but were infrequent in patients with adverse cytogenetics and secondary AML.
  • The novel finding that biologically distinct activating mutations of the same gene can be associated with markedly different clinical outcomes has implications for risk stratification and therapy and is significant to the understanding of chemoresistance in AML.
  • [MeSH-major] Gene Duplication. Leukemia, Myeloid / genetics. Mutation / genetics. Tandem Repeat Sequences / genetics. fms-Like Tyrosine Kinase 3 / genetics
  • [MeSH-minor] Acute Disease. Adolescent. Adult. Alleles. Amino Acid Substitution. Antimetabolites, Antineoplastic / therapeutic use. Cytarabine / therapeutic use. DNA Mutational Analysis. Female. Follow-Up Studies. Humans. In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence. Male. Middle Aged. Prognosis. Survival Rate. Treatment Outcome



79. Bakanay ŞM, Topçuoğlu P, Uğur Bilgin A, Yararbaş K, Berker Karaüzüm S, Özcan M, Arat M, Ündar L, Ilhan O: Clonal evolution of monosomy 7 in acquired severe aplastic anemia: Two cases treated with allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Turk J Haematol; 2008 Jun 5;25(2):94-7
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  • Aplastic anemia (AA) may evolve into clonal diseases like myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) and acute myeloblastic leuke¬mia (AML).
  • Monosomy 7 is a poor prognostic chromosomal abnormality commonly associated with therapy related MDS and secondary AML.
  • Both patients had received immunosuppressive therapy (IST) as first line treatment and had monosomy 7 positive clone at transformation to MDS with refractory anemia and excess of blast (RAEB-II) and AML, respectively.

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  • (PMID = 27264447.001).
  • [ISSN] 1300-7777
  • [Journal-full-title] Turkish journal of haematology : official journal of Turkish Society of Haematology
  • [ISO-abbreviation] Turk J Haematol
  • [Language] eng
  • [Publication-type] Journal Article
  • [Publication-country] Turkey
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80. Abdel-Wahab O, Manshouri T, Patel J, Harris K, Yao J, Hedvat C, Heguy A, Bueso-Ramos C, Kantarjian H, Levine RL, Verstovsek S: Genetic analysis of transforming events that convert chronic myeloproliferative neoplasms to leukemias. Cancer Res; 2010 Jan 15;70(2):447-52
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  • The oncogenetic events that transform chronic myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPN) to acute myeloid leukemias (AML) are not well characterized.
  • We investigated the role of several genes implicated in leukemic transformation by mutational analysis of 63 patients with AML secondary to a preexisting MPN (sAML).
  • In contrast, ASXL1 mutations were almost always detected in both the MPN and AML clones from individual patients.

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  • (PMID = 20068184.001).
  • [ISSN] 1538-7445
  • [Journal-full-title] Cancer research
  • [ISO-abbreviation] Cancer Res.
  • [Language] ENG
  • [Grant] United States / NHLBI NIH HHS / HL / K08 HL082677; United States / NCI NIH HHS / CA / P30 CA008748; United States / NHLBI NIH HHS / HL / K08 HL082677-01A1; United States / Howard Hughes Medical Institute / / ; United States / NCI NIH HHS / CA / R01 CA151949; United States / NHLBI NIH HHS / HL / HL082677-01A1
  • [Publication-type] Journal Article; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
  • [Publication-country] United States
  • [Chemical-registry-number] 0 / ASXL1 protein, human; 0 / DNA-Binding Proteins; 0 / Proto-Oncogene Proteins; 0 / Repressor Proteins; 0 / TET2 protein, human; EC 1.1.1.41 / Isocitrate Dehydrogenase; EC 1.1.1.42. / IDH1 protein, human; EC 2.7.10.2 / JAK2 protein, human; EC 2.7.10.2 / Janus Kinase 2
  • [Other-IDs] NLM/ NIHMS162374; NLM/ PMC2947340
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81. Xu LP, Huang XJ, Liu KY, Chen H, Liu DH, Han W, Chen YH, Gao ZY, Lu J, Wang JZ, Lu DP: [Allogenic stem cell transplantation from genotypically HLA-identical siblings for 30 patients with myelodysplastic syndromes]. Zhonghua Xue Ye Xue Za Zhi; 2006 Aug;27(8):518-21
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  • [Source] The source of this record is MEDLINE®, a database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine.
  • On HSCT, 4 patients had refractory anemia (RA) , 2 RA with ringed sideroblasts (RARS) , 7 RA with excess blasts(RAEB) , 14 RAEB in transformation (RAEB-t) , 3 already progressed to secondary AML.
  • RESULTS: The 3-year expected overall survival (OS) was 63.61%, 3-year expected disease-free survival ( DFS) 61.41%, and relapse rate 5.26%; OS for RA/ RAS, RAEB and RAEB-t/AML subgroup was 83.33%, 34.29% and 66.67% , respectively, and all had no statistic difference among them.



82. Burcu M, O'Loughlin KL, Ford LA, Baer MR: Amonafide L-malate is not a substrate for multidrug resistance proteins in secondary acute myeloid leukemia. Leukemia; 2008 Nov;22(11):2110-5
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  • [Title] Amonafide L-malate is not a substrate for multidrug resistance proteins in secondary acute myeloid leukemia.
  • [MeSH-major] ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters / metabolism. ATP-Binding Cassette, Sub-Family B, Member 1 / metabolism. Antineoplastic Agents / pharmacokinetics. Drug Resistance, Multiple. Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute / metabolism. Naphthalimides / pharmacokinetics. Neoplasm Proteins / metabolism

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  • (PMID = 18418409.001).
  • [ISSN] 1476-5551
  • [Journal-full-title] Leukemia
  • [ISO-abbreviation] Leukemia
  • [Language] eng
  • [Publication-type] Letter
  • [Publication-country] England
  • [Chemical-registry-number] 0 / ABCG2 protein, human; 0 / ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Sub-Family G, Member 2; 0 / ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters; 0 / ATP-Binding Cassette, Sub-Family B, Member 1; 0 / Antineoplastic Agents; 0 / Cyclosporins; 0 / Enzyme Inhibitors; 0 / Naphthalimides; 0 / Neoplasm Proteins; 0 / Topoisomerase II Inhibitors; LI06Q37TEG / xanafide; Q7ZP55KF3X / valspodar
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83. Soares EM, Santos N, de Araújo Silva Amaral B, Silva ML, Leite EP, Silva MO, Muniz MT, Ribeiro RC, de Morais VL, de Jesus Marques Salles T: Secondary acute myeloid leukemia with a t(1;11)(q23;p15) in an adolescent treated for testicular sarcoma. Cancer Genet Cytogenet; 2006 Aug;169(1):83-5
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  • [Title] Secondary acute myeloid leukemia with a t(1;11)(q23;p15) in an adolescent treated for testicular sarcoma.
  • [MeSH-major] Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols / adverse effects. Chromosomes, Human, Pair 1. Chromosomes, Human, Pair 11. Leukemia, Myeloid / genetics. Sarcoma / genetics. Testicular Neoplasms / drug therapy. Testicular Neoplasms / genetics
  • [MeSH-minor] Acute Disease. Adolescent. Humans. Karyotyping. Male



84. Sonneck K, Mannhalter C, Krauth MT, Sperr WR, Schwarzinger I, Fonatsch C, Haas O, Geissler K, Valent P: An unusual case of myelodysplastic syndrome with prolonged clonal stability, indolent clinical course over a decade, and spontaneous regression of AML in the terminal phase. Eur J Haematol; 2005 Jul;75(1):73-7
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  • [Source] The source of this record is MEDLINE®, a database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine.
  • [Title] An unusual case of myelodysplastic syndrome with prolonged clonal stability, indolent clinical course over a decade, and spontaneous regression of AML in the terminal phase.
  • An unusual case of secondary acute myeloid leukemia (AML) with indolent clinical course is described.
  • In 2001, transformation to secondary AML with an increase in bone marrow blasts (>20%) and thrombocytopenia, was found.
  • However, the bone marrow still showed AML with >20% blasts.
  • [MeSH-major] Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute / physiopathology. Myelodysplastic Syndromes / complications



85. Takei N, Suzukawa K, Mukai HY, Itoh T, Okoshi Y, Yoda Y, Nagasawa T: Therapy-related acute myeloid leukemia 6 years after clonal detection of inv(11)(q21q23) and MLL gene rearrangement. Int J Hematol; 2006 Apr;83(3):247-51
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  • [Source] The source of this record is MEDLINE®, a database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine.
  • [Title] Therapy-related acute myeloid leukemia 6 years after clonal detection of inv(11)(q21q23) and MLL gene rearrangement.
  • Results of recent studies with animal models suggest that expression of MLL fusion proteins promotes acute leukemogenesis.
  • However, the most potent MLL fusion proteins are not sufficient for the development of acute myeloid leukemia (AML).
  • The clinical data on the pathogenesis of this type of leukemia are limited.
  • We analyzed the case of a patient with therapy-related AML with MLL rearrangement.
  • The patient initially developed AML with t(8;21).
  • After 6-year persistence of a clone with the inversion 11 karyotype in the bone marrow, secondary AML developed.
  • One was that MLL rearrangement was not sufficient for the development of leukemia.
  • [MeSH-major] Chromosome Inversion / genetics. Chromosomes, Human, Pair 11 / genetics. Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute / genetics. Neoplasms, Second Primary / genetics
  • [MeSH-minor] Antigens, CD13 / biosynthesis. Antigens, CD34 / biosynthesis. Bone Marrow Cells / metabolism. Bone Marrow Cells / pathology. Female. Humans. Middle Aged. Myeloid-Lymphoid Leukemia Protein / genetics

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  • (PMID = 16720556.001).
  • [ISSN] 0925-5710
  • [Journal-full-title] International journal of hematology
  • [ISO-abbreviation] Int. J. Hematol.
  • [Language] eng
  • [Publication-type] Case Reports; Journal Article
  • [Publication-country] Japan
  • [Chemical-registry-number] 0 / Antigens, CD34; 149025-06-9 / Myeloid-Lymphoid Leukemia Protein; EC 3.4.11.2 / Antigens, CD13
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86. Ooi J: The efficacy of unrelated cord blood transplantation for adult myelodysplastic syndrome. Leuk Lymphoma; 2006 Apr;47(4):599-602
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  • Diagnosis at transplantation included refractory anemia (RA) (n = 3), refractory anemia with excess blasts (RAEB) (n = 2), RAEB-t (n = 2), and MDS-related secondary acute myeloid leukemia (AML) (n = 15).
  • Twenty one patients had myeloid reconstitution and the median time to more than 0.5 x 10(9)/l absolute neutrophil count was 22.5 days.
  • Acute GVHD above grade II occurred in seven of 21 evaluable patients and chronic GVHD in 16 of 19 evaluable patients.



87. Hallemeier CL, Girgis MD, Blum WG, Brown RA, Khoury HJ, Devine SM, Vij R, Lin HS, DiPersio JF, Adkins DR: Long-term remissions in patients with myelodysplastic syndrome and secondary acute myelogenous leukemia undergoing allogeneic transplantation following a reduced intensity conditioning regimen of 550 cGy total body irradiation and cyclophosphamide. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant; 2006 Jul;12(7):749-57
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  • [Title] Long-term remissions in patients with myelodysplastic syndrome and secondary acute myelogenous leukemia undergoing allogeneic transplantation following a reduced intensity conditioning regimen of 550 cGy total body irradiation and cyclophosphamide.
  • We analyzed outcomes of patients with myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) or secondary acute myelogenous leukemia (sAML) that were treated at our institution with a reduced intensity conditioning (RIC) regimen of 550-cGy total body irradiation and cyclophosphamide followed by related donor (RD) or unrelated donor (URD) transplantation.
  • [MeSH-major] Bone Marrow Transplantation / methods. Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute / therapy. Myelodysplastic Syndromes / therapy. Neoplasms, Second Primary / therapy. Peripheral Blood Stem Cell Transplantation / methods. Transplantation Conditioning / methods



88. Balgobind BV, Lugthart S, Hollink IH, Arentsen-Peters ST, van Wering ER, de Graaf SS, Reinhardt D, Creutzig U, Kaspers GJ, de Bont ES, Stary J, Trka J, Zimmermann M, Beverloo HB, Pieters R, Delwel R, Zwaan CM, van den Heuvel-Eibrink MM: EVI1 overexpression in distinct subtypes of pediatric acute myeloid leukemia. Leukemia; 2010 May;24(5):942-9
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  • [Title] EVI1 overexpression in distinct subtypes of pediatric acute myeloid leukemia.
  • Overexpression of the ecotropic virus integration-1 (EVI1) gene (EVI1+), localized at chromosome 3q26, is associated with adverse outcome in adult acute myeloid leukemia (AML).
  • In pediatric AML, 3q26 abnormalities are rare, and the role of EVI1 is unknown.
  • We studied 228 pediatric AML samples for EVI1+ using gene expression profiling and RQ-PCR.
  • EVI1+ was found in 20/213 (9%) of children with de novo AML, and in 4/8 with secondary AML.
  • It was predominantly found in MLL-rearranged AML (13/47), monosomy 7 (2/3), or FAB M6/7 (6/10), and mutually exclusive with core-binding factor AML, t(15;17), and NPM1 mutations.
  • Although significant differences in 4 years pEFS for EVI1+ and EVI1- pediatric AML were observed (28%+/-11 vs 44%+/-4, P=0.04), multivariate analysis did not identify EVI1+ as an independent prognostic factor.
  • We conclude that EVI1+ can be found in approximately 10% of pediatric AML.
  • Although EVI1+ was not an independent prognostic factor, it was predominantly found in subtypes of pediatric AML that are related with an intermediate to unfavorable prognosis.
  • Remarkably, no 3q26 abnormalities were identified in EVI1+ pediatric AML.
  • [MeSH-major] Biomarkers, Tumor / genetics. Chromosomes, Human, Pair 3 / genetics. DNA-Binding Proteins / genetics. Gene Expression Regulation, Leukemic. Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute / genetics. Proto-Oncogenes / genetics. Transcription Factors / genetics

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  • (PMID = 20357826.001).
  • [ISSN] 1476-5551
  • [Journal-full-title] Leukemia
  • [ISO-abbreviation] Leukemia
  • [Language] eng
  • [Publication-type] Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
  • [Publication-country] England
  • [Chemical-registry-number] 0 / Biomarkers, Tumor; 0 / DNA-Binding Proteins; 0 / MECOM protein, human; 0 / RNA, Messenger; 0 / Transcription Factors
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89. Cilloni D, Messa E, Messa F, Carturan S, Defilippi I, Arruga F, Rosso V, Catalano R, Bracco E, Nicoli P, Saglio G: Genetic abnormalities as targets for molecular therapies in myelodysplastic syndromes. Ann N Y Acad Sci; 2006 Nov;1089:411-23
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  • Recent advances in molecular genetics have increased knowledge regarding the mechanisms leading to myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS), secondary acute myeloid leukemia (AML), and therapy-induced MDS.
  • Many genetic defects underlying MDS and AML have been identified thereby allowing the development of new molecular-targeted therapies.
  • These agents have been tested in patients with solid tumors and hematologic malignancies such as AML and MDS.

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  • (PMID = 17261784.001).
  • [ISSN] 0077-8923
  • [Journal-full-title] Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
  • [ISO-abbreviation] Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci.
  • [Language] eng
  • [Publication-type] Journal Article; Review
  • [Publication-country] United States
  • [Chemical-registry-number] 0 / DNA-Binding Proteins; 0 / Enzyme Inhibitors; 0 / MECOM protein, human; 0 / Transcription Factors; 0 / WT1 Proteins; EC 2.5.1.29 / Farnesyltranstransferase; EC 2.7.10.1 / Receptor Protein-Tyrosine Kinases
  • [Number-of-references] 76
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90. Nemoto N, Suzukawa K, Shimizu S, Shinagawa A, Takei N, Taki T, Hayashi Y, Kojima H, Kawakami Y, Nagasawa T: Identification of a novel fusion gene MLL-MAML2 in secondary acute myelogenous leukemia and myelodysplastic syndrome with inv(11)(q21q23). Genes Chromosomes Cancer; 2007 Sep;46(9):813-9
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  • [Title] Identification of a novel fusion gene MLL-MAML2 in secondary acute myelogenous leukemia and myelodysplastic syndrome with inv(11)(q21q23).
  • We have identified a novel fusion partner of MLL, namely the mastermind like 2 (MAML2 gene), in secondary acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) with inv(11)(q21q23).
  • RT-PCR and sequencing revealed that exon 7 of MLL was fused to exon 2 of MAML2 in the AML and MDS cells.
  • MLL-MAML2 in secondary AML/MDS and MECT1-MAML2 in mucoepithelioid carcinoma, benign Wartin's tumor, and clear cell hidradenoma consist of the same COOH-terminal part of MAML2.
  • [MeSH-major] Chromosomes, Human, Pair 11 / genetics. DNA-Binding Proteins / genetics. Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute / genetics. Myelodysplastic Syndromes / genetics. Myeloid-Lymphoid Leukemia Protein / genetics. Nuclear Proteins / genetics. Oncogene Proteins, Fusion / genetics. Transcription Factors / genetics



91. Natelson EA: Benzene-induced acute myeloid leukemia: a clinician's perspective. Am J Hematol; 2007 Sep;82(9):826-30
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  • [Title] Benzene-induced acute myeloid leukemia: a clinician's perspective.
  • Benzene-induced acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is considered a secondary form of AML, based both in theory and on limited cohort observations.
  • Its latency, cytogenetic aberrations, and clinical features are thought similar to, or identical with, AML resulting from the use of modern day cytotoxic agents for chemotherapy and immunotherapy.
  • Although distinction between secondary AML and the far more common de novo AML is difficult to establish with certainty in any given case, latency from toxic therapeutic and environmental exposure and certain clinical and pathological features generally separate these two entities.
  • AML is the only human neoplasm proven to be potentially caused by benzene, which actually is an obsolete form of chemotherapy.
  • A review of benzene-induced AML suggests that, in developed countries, this entity should no longer merit serious consideration among workers in the modern petrochemical industry and related fields.
  • [MeSH-major] Attitude of Health Personnel. Benzene / adverse effects. Developed Countries. Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions. Leukemia, Myeloid / etiology
  • [MeSH-minor] Acute Disease. Chromosome Aberrations / chemically induced. Chromosome Inversion. Chromosomes, Human, Pair 15. Chromosomes, Human, Pair 16. Chromosomes, Human, Pair 17. Chromosomes, Human, Pair 21. Chromosomes, Human, Pair 8. Humans. Occupational Diseases / chemically induced. Occupational Diseases / epidemiology. Occupational Exposure / adverse effects. Occupational Exposure / analysis. Petroleum / adverse effects. Translocation, Genetic

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  • [Copyright] 2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc
  • (PMID = 17506065.001).
  • [ISSN] 0361-8609
  • [Journal-full-title] American journal of hematology
  • [ISO-abbreviation] Am. J. Hematol.
  • [Language] eng
  • [Publication-type] Journal Article; Review
  • [Publication-country] United States
  • [Chemical-registry-number] 0 / Petroleum; J64922108F / Benzene
  • [Number-of-references] 79
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92. Viola A, Falco C, D'Elia R, D'Amico MR, Vicari L, Tambaro FP, Correale P, Laudati D, Palmieri S, Ferrara F: An antecedent diagnosis of refractory anemia with excess blasts has no influence on mobilization of peripheral blood stem cells and hematopoietic recovery after autologous stem cell transplantation in acute myeloid leukemia. Eur J Haematol; 2007 Jan;78(1):41-7
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  • [Title] An antecedent diagnosis of refractory anemia with excess blasts has no influence on mobilization of peripheral blood stem cells and hematopoietic recovery after autologous stem cell transplantation in acute myeloid leukemia.
  • Several studies have reported data on factors influencing mobilization of peripheral blood stem cells (PBSC) in non-myeloid malignancies.
  • On the contrary, data from patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) are very limited, in particular, as the impact of an antecedent diagnosis of refractory anemia with excess blasts (RAEB) on mobilization of PBSCs as well as hematopoietic recovery after autologous stem cell transplantation (ASCT) is concerned.
  • We retrospectively analyzed a cohort of 150 consecutive AML patients in first complete remission in order to make a comparison between patients with de novo AML and secondary AML (s-AML) in terms of CD34 positive (CD34+) cells mobilization and number of leukapheresis needed to collect at least one single stem cell graft.
  • The successful mobilization rate (>2 x 10(6) CD34+ cells/kg) was comparable between de novo AML patients (87%) and those with s-AML (76%), P:0.21.
  • An antecedent diagnosis of RAEB has no impact on mobilization and collection of PBSCs in AML as well as on hematopoietic recovery after ASCT.
  • [MeSH-major] Anemia, Refractory, with Excess of Blasts / diagnosis. Hematopoiesis. Hematopoietic Stem Cell Mobilization. Leukemia, Myeloid / therapy. Peripheral Blood Stem Cell Transplantation
  • [MeSH-minor] Acute Disease. Adolescent. Adult. Aged. Disease-Free Survival. Female. Humans. Male. Middle Aged. Transplantation, Autologous. Treatment Outcome



93. Ostgård LS, Kjeldsen E, Holm MS, Brown Pde N, Pedersen BB, Bendix K, Johansen P, Kristensen JS, Nørgaard JM: Reasons for treating secondary AML as de novo AML. Eur J Haematol; 2010 Sep;85(3):217-26
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  • [Title] Reasons for treating secondary AML as de novo AML.
  • In a Danish bi-regional registry-based study, we conducted an analysis of the incidence and clinical importance of secondary acute myeloid leukaemia (AML).
  • In a total of 630 cases of AML, we found 157 (25%) cases of secondary AML.
  • The secondary leukaemia arose from MDS (myelodysplastic syndrome) in 77 cases (49%), CMPD (chronic myeloproliferative disorder) in 43 cases (27%) and was therapy-related AML (t-AML) in 37 cases (24%).
  • Median age at diagnosis of AML was 69 yr in secondary cases when compared to 66 yr in de novo cases (P = 0.006).
  • In univariate analyses, secondary AML was associated with an inferior complete remission (CR) rate (P = 0.008) and poorer overall survival (OS, P = 0.003) whereas in complete remitters, disease-free survival (DFS) of secondary cases was equal to that of de novo cases.
  • Interestingly, in all further analyses of CR-rates, OS and DFS, when correcting for the influence of age, cytogenetic abnormalities, performance status and leucocyte count (WBC), presence of secondary AML completely lost prognostic significance.
  • We conclude that the presence of secondary AML does not per se convey an unfavourable prognosis and that patients with secondary AML should be offered the chance of benefiting from treatment according to current frontline AML protocols.
  • [MeSH-major] Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute / complications. Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute / drug therapy. Myelodysplastic Syndromes / complications



94. Spanaki A, Perdikogianni C, Linardakis E, Kalmanti M: Quantitative assessment of PRAME expression in diagnosis of childhood acute leukemia. Leuk Res; 2007 May;31(5):639-42
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  • [Title] Quantitative assessment of PRAME expression in diagnosis of childhood acute leukemia.
  • The purpose of this study was to investigate PRAME expression levels in children with acute leukemia with real-time PCR analysis.
  • Seventeen children with newly diagnosed or relapsed acute leukemia (11 ALL, 4 AML, 1 acute myeloblastic leukemia secondary to MDS, 1 ALL at relapse) and a control group of seven children were studied.
  • Overexpression of PRAME was found in 52.9% (3 AML, 6 ALL) of the patients studied.
  • The above findings indicate that PRAME expression in acute leukemia does not seem to be of prognostic significance, whereas it might represent a candidate marker for the monitoring of minimal residual disease.
  • [MeSH-major] Antigens, Neoplasm / genetics. Biomarkers, Tumor / genetics. Leukemia, Myeloid / genetics. Neoplasm, Residual / genetics. Precursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma / genetics
  • [MeSH-minor] Acute Disease. Adolescent. Child. Child, Preschool. Humans. Prognosis. RNA, Messenger. Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction

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  • (PMID = 16860864.001).
  • [ISSN] 0145-2126
  • [Journal-full-title] Leukemia research
  • [ISO-abbreviation] Leuk. Res.
  • [Language] eng
  • [Publication-type] Journal Article
  • [Publication-country] England
  • [Chemical-registry-number] 0 / Antigens, Neoplasm; 0 / Biomarkers, Tumor; 0 / PRAME protein, human; 0 / RNA, Messenger
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95. Hussein K, Bock O, Theophile K, Schulz-Bischof K, Porwit A, Schlue J, Jonigk D, Kreipe H: MPLW515L mutation in acute megakaryoblastic leukaemia. Leukemia; 2009 May;23(5):852-5
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  • [Title] MPLW515L mutation in acute megakaryoblastic leukaemia.
  • A series of primary and secondary acute myeloid leukaemias (AML) with megakaryoblastic phenotype and myelofibrosis unrelated to PMF (n=12) was analysed for the MPL(W515K/L) mutation by pyrosequencing.
  • None of the secondary AML cases evolving from pre-existing PMF showed MPL(W515K/L) (n=4).
  • We conclude that MPL(W515L) occurs in a considerable proportion of acute megakaryoblastic leukaemias with myelofibrosis unrelated to PMF.
  • [MeSH-major] Leukemia, Megakaryoblastic, Acute / genetics. Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive / genetics. Mutation / genetics. Primary Myelofibrosis / genetics. Receptors, Thrombopoietin / genetics

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  • [CommentIn] Leukemia. 2009 Nov;23(11):2159-60 [19657363.001]
  • (PMID = 19194467.001).
  • [ISSN] 1476-5551
  • [Journal-full-title] Leukemia
  • [ISO-abbreviation] Leukemia
  • [Language] eng
  • [Publication-type] Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
  • [Publication-country] England
  • [Chemical-registry-number] 0 / Receptors, Thrombopoietin; 143641-95-6 / MPL protein, human; EC 2.7.10.2 / JAK2 protein, human; EC 2.7.10.2 / Janus Kinase 2
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96. Schroeder T, Czibere A, Zohren F, Aivado M, Gattermann N, Germing U, Haas R: Meningioma 1 gene is differentially expressed in CD34 positive cells from bone marrow of patients with myelodysplastic syndromes with the highest expression in refractory anemia with excess of blasts and secondary acute myeloid leukemia. Leuk Lymphoma; 2009 Jun;50(6):1043-6
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  • [Title] Meningioma 1 gene is differentially expressed in CD34 positive cells from bone marrow of patients with myelodysplastic syndromes with the highest expression in refractory anemia with excess of blasts and secondary acute myeloid leukemia.
  • [MeSH-major] Anemia / genetics. Antigens, CD34 / blood. Bone Marrow Cells / metabolism. Leukemia, Myeloid / genetics. Myelodysplastic Syndromes / genetics. Tumor Suppressor Proteins / genetics
  • [MeSH-minor] Acute Disease. Adult. Aged. Aged, 80 and over. Disease Progression. Female. Gene Expression Profiling. Gene Expression Regulation, Leukemic. Humans. Male. Middle Aged. Retrospective Studies. Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction



97. Klepin HD, Balducci L: Acute myelogenous leukemia in older adults. Oncologist; 2009 Mar;14(3):222-32
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  • [Title] Acute myelogenous leukemia in older adults.
  • The incidence of acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) increases with age.
  • Older AML patients, generally defined by age > or = 60 years, have worse treatment outcomes than younger patients.
  • Older patients are more likely to present with unfavorable cytogenetic abnormalities, multidrug resistance phenotypes, and secondary AML.
  • Investigations of hypomethylating agents and signal transduction inhibitors hold promise for the treatment of AML patients.
  • [MeSH-major] Geriatrics / methods. Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute / pathology. Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute / therapy



98. Bacher U, Haferlach T, Schoch C: Gain of 9p due to an unbalanced rearrangement der(9;18): a recurrent clonal abnormality in chronic myeloproliferative disorders. Cancer Genet Cytogenet; 2005 Jul 15;160(2):179-83
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  • Three cases were diagnosed as polycythemia vera; one case presented with secondary acute myeloid leukemia following idiopathic osteomyelofibrosis.

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  • (PMID = 15993276.001).
  • [ISSN] 0165-4608
  • [Journal-full-title] Cancer genetics and cytogenetics
  • [ISO-abbreviation] Cancer Genet. Cytogenet.
  • [Language] eng
  • [Publication-type] Case Reports; Journal Article
  • [Publication-country] United States
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99. Park TS, Choi JR, Yoon SH, Song J, Kim J, Kim SJ, Kwon O, Min YH: Acute promyelocytic leukemia relapsing as secondary acute myelogenous leukemia with translocation t(3;21)(q26;q22) and RUNX1-MDS1-EVI1 fusion transcript. Cancer Genet Cytogenet; 2008 Dec;187(2):61-73
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  • [Title] Acute promyelocytic leukemia relapsing as secondary acute myelogenous leukemia with translocation t(3;21)(q26;q22) and RUNX1-MDS1-EVI1 fusion transcript.
  • Acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) is a subtype of acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) that is characterized by peculiar clinical and biologic features, including severe hemorrhagic diathesis, specific recurrent chromosomal aberration, and distinct morphologic features with predominant pathologic promyelocytes.
  • A reciprocal translocation involving chromosomes 15 and 17, t(15;17)(q22;q21), is a characteristic feature of APL that represents approximately 5-8% of AML.
  • In contrast to other AML subtypes, APL is particularly sensitive to treatment with all trans-retinoic acid (ATRA) combined with chemotherapy, converting this once fatal leukemia to a highly curable disease.
  • Nonetheless, therapy-related myelodysplastic syndrome-acute myelogenous leukemia (t-MDS/AML) has been reported as a rare complication of chemotherapy in APL.
  • Of 30 APL cases described as t-MDS/AML in the literature, only 1 case relapsed as acute leukemia with t(3;21)(q26;q22).
  • Here we describe a rare case of APL relapsing as secondary AML with t(3;21)(q26;q22) and clinically characterize this patient using the RUNX1 (previously AML1)-MDS1-EVI1 fusion transcript (with follow-up for 55 months), and review the relevant literature.
  • [MeSH-major] Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute / genetics. Leukemia, Promyelocytic, Acute / genetics. Neoplasms, Second Primary / genetics. Oncogene Proteins, Fusion / genetics. Translocation, Genetic



100. Shao B, Gao YR, Wang C, Yan SK, Cai Q, Jiang JL, Yang J, Bai HT, Zhao M, Zhao CX: [Prognostic factor analysis of 77 old patients with acute myelogenous leukemia]. Ai Zheng; 2006 Aug;25(8):1007-12
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  • [Title] [Prognostic factor analysis of 77 old patients with acute myelogenous leukemia].
  • BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVE: The manifestations of old acute myelogenous (AML) patients have their special biological and clinical characteristics, with lower response rate to therapy and shorter survival time.
  • This study was to investigate the prognostic factors of elderly patients with AML retrospectively.
  • METHODS: 77 patients aged> or =60 years with AML from 1994 to 2005 were admitted to our study and all the possible prognostic factors were analyzed with Kaplan-Meier survival analysis.
  • The patients with primary AML (median survival time was 98 days) had significantly longer survival time than those with secondary AML (median survival time was 32 days)(P=0.007), which their CR ratios were 50% and 0% (P=0.023).
  • CONCLUSIONS: Factors, including age >70, PS 2 to 4, percentage of blasts in bone marrow >50%, secondary AML, unfavorable karyotype, expression of CD34, lower dosage.
  • [MeSH-major] Anthracyclines / therapeutic use. Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute / drug therapy

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  • (PMID = 16965684.001).
  • [Journal-full-title] Ai zheng = Aizheng = Chinese journal of cancer
  • [ISO-abbreviation] Ai Zheng
  • [Language] chi
  • [Publication-type] English Abstract; Journal Article
  • [Publication-country] China
  • [Chemical-registry-number] 0 / Anthracyclines; 0 / Antigens, CD34
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