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[Title] The Mll-Een knockin fusion gene enhances proliferation of myeloid progenitors derived from mouse embryonic stem cells and causes myeloid leukaemia in chimeric mice.

Rearrangement of the mixed lineage leukaemia (MLL) gene with extra eleven nineteen (EEN) was previously identified in an infant with acute myeloid leukaemia.

Using homologous recombination, we have created a mouse equivalent of the human MLL-EEN allele and showed that when Mll(Een/+) embryonic stem (ES) cells were induced to differentiate in vitro into haemopoietic cells, there was increased proliferation of myeloid progenitors with self-renewal property.

We also generated Mll(Een/+) chimeric mice, which developed leukaemia displaying enlarged livers, spleens, thymuses and lymph nodes owing to infiltration of Mll(Een/+)-expressing leukemic cells.

Immunophenotyping of cells from enlarged organs and bone marrow (BM) of the Mll(Een/+) chimeras revealed an accumulation of Mac-1+/Gr-1- immature myeloid cells and a reduction in normal B- and T-cell populations.

We observed differential regulation of Hox genes between myeloid cells derived from Mll(Een/+) ES cells and mouse BM leukemic cells which suggested different waves of Hox expression may be activated by MLL fusion proteins for initiation (in ES cells) and maintenance (in leukemic cells) of the disease.

We believe studies of MLL fusion proteins in ES cells combined with in vivo animal models offer new approaches to the dissection of molecular events in multistep pathogenesis of leukaemia.

[MeSH-major] Hematopoietic Stem Cells / pathology. Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins / genetics. Leukemia, Myeloid / genetics. Leukemia, Myeloid / pathology. Myeloid Cells / pathology. Myeloid-Lymphoid Leukemia Protein / genetics

[MeSH-minor] Amino Acid Sequence. Animals. Base Sequence. Cell Division / physiology. Chimera. Disease Models, Animal. Female. Gene Expression Profiling. Gene Expression Regulation, Leukemic. Genes, Homeobox / physiology. Humans. Infant. Male. Mice. Mice, Inbred C57BL. Mice, Transgenic. Molecular Sequence Data. Translocation, Genetic

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(PMID = 16888613.001).

[ISSN] 0887-6924

[Journal-full-title] Leukemia

[ISO-abbreviation] Leukemia

[Language] eng

[Publication-type] Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

[Publication-country] England

[Chemical-registry-number] 0 / Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; 0 / SH3GL1 protein, human; 149025-06-9 / Myeloid-Lymphoid Leukemia Protein

   

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[Title] Common chromatin structures at breakpoint cluster regions may lead to chromosomal translocations found in chronic and acute leukemias.

The t(9;22) BCR/ABL fusion is associated with over 90% of chronic myelogenous and 25% of acute lymphocytic leukemia.

Chromosome 11q23 translocations in acute myeloid and lymphoid leukemia cells demonstrate myeloid lymphoid leukemia (MLL) fusions with over 40 gene partners, like AF9 and AF4 on chromosomes 9 and 4, respectively.

Therapy-related leukemia is associated with the above gene rearrangements following the treatment with topoisomerase II (topo II) inhibitors.

In this report, using cell lines and primary cells, chromatin structural elements were analyzed in BCR, ABL and AF4 and, for comparison, in MLL2, which is a homolog to MLL, but not associated with chromosome translocations.

Although MLL2 was expressed in all cell lines tested, except for the presence of one DNAse I site in the promoter, no other structural elements were found in MLL2.

A NHR model presented demonstrates the importance of chromatin structure in chromosome translocations involved with leukemia.

[MeSH-major] Chromatin / chemistry. Chromosome Breakage. Chromosomes, Human / genetics. Leukemia / genetics. Leukemia / metabolism. Translocation, Genetic

[MeSH-minor] Acute Disease. Cell Line, Tumor. Cells, Cultured. Chronic Disease. Humans. K562 Cells. Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcr / chemistry. Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcr / genetics. Recombination, Genetic

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(PMID = 16572268.001).

[ISSN] 0340-6717

[Journal-full-title] Human genetics

[ISO-abbreviation] Hum. Genet.

[Language] eng

[Publication-type] Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Validation Studies

[Publication-country] Germany

[Chemical-registry-number] 0 / Chromatin; EC 2.7.11.1 / BCR protein, human; EC 2.7.11.1 / Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcr

   

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[Title] [Successful selection of chemotherapy based on cell surface antigens in a patient with mixed phenotype acute leukemia].

The patient was diagnosed as having mixed phenotype acute leukemia, T/myeloid, NOS, according to the WHO classification.

After initial treatment, residual leukemic cells with CD13, CD33 and MPO were detected by FCM; therefore, he received re-induction chemotherapy for AML, and achieved CR.

Acute leukemia of ambiguous lineage is a relatively rare subtype in acute leukemia and standard chemotherapy has not been established.

[MeSH-major] Antigens, Surface. Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols / therapeutic use. Leukemia / drug therapy. Leukemia / immunology

[MeSH-minor] Acute Disease. Cyclophosphamide. Cytarabine / administration & dosage. Daunorubicin / administration & dosage. Humans. Male. Middle Aged. Prednisolone / administration & dosage. Treatment Outcome. Vincristine / administration & dosage

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(PMID = 20534955.001).

[ISSN] 0485-1439

[Journal-full-title] [Rinshō ketsueki] The Japanese journal of clinical hematology

[ISO-abbreviation] Rinsho Ketsueki

[Language] jpn

[Publication-type] Case Reports; English Abstract; Journal Article

[Publication-country] Japan

[Chemical-registry-number] 0 / Antigens, Surface; 04079A1RDZ / Cytarabine; 5J49Q6B70F / Vincristine; 8N3DW7272P / Cyclophosphamide; 9PHQ9Y1OLM / Prednisolone; ZS7284E0ZP / Daunorubicin

   

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[Title] Diagnosis of biphenotypic acute leukemia: a paradigmatic approach.

Biphenotypic acute leukemia (BAL), or acute leukemia with a single population of blasts coexpressing markers of two different lineages, is a rare clinical entity.

To define BAL, a scoring system was proposed by the European Group of Immunological Markers for Leukemias (EGIL) in 1995.

However, increasing evidence suggests that this system has limitations, as acknowledged by the 2008 World Health Organization (WHO) Classification of Tumors of Hematopoietic and Lymphoid Tissues.

We propose a new paradigmatic approach to defining BAL based on recent clinical studies of BAL and advances in immunologic marker definition and cytogenetics, and applied our new approach to 8 cases of "BAL" among a cohort of 742 new acute leukemias in our Cancer Center.

By our new criteria, 6 cases were reclassified as acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), while only 2 were still classified as BAL.

[MeSH-major] Leukemia, Biphenotypic, Acute / diagnosis

[MeSH-minor] Adolescent. Adult. Aged, 80 and over. Antigens, Neoplasm / analysis. Biomarkers, Tumor / genetics. Biomarkers, Tumor / immunology. Child. Female. Humans. Immunophenotyping. Male. Middle Aged. Phenotype. Retrospective Studies. World Health Organization. Young Adult

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(PMID = 19918331.001).

[ISSN] 1936-2625

[Journal-full-title] International journal of clinical and experimental pathology

[ISO-abbreviation] Int J Clin Exp Pathol

[Language] eng

[Publication-type] Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

[Publication-country] United States

[Chemical-registry-number] 0 / Antigens, Neoplasm; 0 / Biomarkers, Tumor

[Other-IDs] NLM/ PMC2776262

[Keywords] NOTNLM ; ALL / AML / Biphenotypic acute leukemia / EGIL / classification

   

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[Title] Infantile mixed phenotype acute leukemia (bilineal and biphenotypic) with t(10;11)(p12;q23);MLL-MLLT10.

We report a case of a 6-month-old boy with a mixed phenotype acute leukemia (MPAL), bilineal and biphenotypic immunophenotype (B-lymphoid lineage and combined B-lymphoid and monocytic lineage) with t(10;11)(p12;q23);MLL-MLLT10.

He was treated with acute myeloid leukemia protocol and in complete remission at 7-month follow-up.

To the best of our knowledge, this is the first reported MLL-MLLT10 rearranged case presenting as MPAL in an infant.

From a clinical practice standpoint, this case illustrates the importance of detection of MLL rearrangement due to its prognostic implication and the effectiveness of flow cytometry immunophenotyping in diagnosing MPAL and monitoring minimal residual disease.

[MeSH-major] Chromosomes, Human, Pair 10 / genetics. Chromosomes, Human, Pair 11 / genetics. Leukemia, Biphenotypic, Acute / genetics. Leukemia, Monocytic, Acute / genetics. Myeloid-Lymphoid Leukemia Protein / genetics. Oncogene Proteins, Fusion / genetics. Precursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma / genetics. Translocation, Genetic / genetics

[MeSH-minor] Flow Cytometry. Gene Rearrangement. Humans. Immunophenotyping. Infant. Karyotyping. Male. Neoplasm, Residual / genetics. Neoplasm, Residual / pathology. Neoplasm, Residual / therapy. Phenotype. Prognosis. Remission Induction

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[Copyright] Copyright (c) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

(PMID = 20299091.001).

[ISSN] 1873-5835

[Journal-full-title] Leukemia research

[ISO-abbreviation] Leuk. Res.

[Language] eng

[Publication-type] Case Reports; Journal Article

[Publication-country] England

[Chemical-registry-number] 0 / MLL-AF10 fusion protein, human; 0 / Oncogene Proteins, Fusion; 149025-06-9 / Myeloid-Lymphoid Leukemia Protein

   

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Increased erythrocyte mean corpuscular volume (MCV) is frequently found among DS infants and remains elevated throughout life in two-thirds of patients, making interpretation of red cell indices for diagnosis of nutritional anemias or bone marrow failure disorders more challenging.

Transient myeloproliferative disorder (TMD) associated with pancytopenia, hepatosplenomegaly, and circulating immature WBCs, is found almost exclusively in DS infants with an incidence of approximately 10%.

Despite the high rate of spontaneous regression, TMD can be a preleukemic disorder in 20-30% of children with DS.

There is an increased risk of leukemia with an equal incidence of lymphoid and myeloid leukemia.

Acute megakaryocytic leukemia (AMKL) subtype is the most common form of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) in this setting, and is uncommon in children without DS.

Children with DS and leukemia are more sensitive to some chemotherapeutic agents such as methotrexate than other children which requires careful monitoring for toxicity.

Although the risk for leukemia is higher in individuals with DS, these patients have a lower risk of developing solid tumors, with the exception of germ cell tumors, and perhaps retinoblastoma and lymphoma.

[MeSH-major] Down Syndrome / complications. Hematologic Diseases / diagnosis. Hematologic Diseases / etiology. Neoplasms / diagnosis. Neoplasms / etiology

[MeSH-minor] Child. Female. Humans. Infant. Leukemia / diagnosis. Leukemia / etiology. Male. Myeloproliferative Disorders / diagnosis. Myeloproliferative Disorders / etiology

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(PMID = 17048354.001).

[ISSN] 1552-4868

[Journal-full-title] American journal of medical genetics. Part C, Seminars in medical genetics

[ISO-abbreviation] Am J Med Genet C Semin Med Genet

[Language] eng

[Grant] United States / NCI NIH HHS / CA / 2T32 CA 09307

[Publication-type] Journal Article; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Review

[Publication-country] United States

[Number-of-references] 72

   

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[Title] Maternal acute lymphoctic leukemia with rearrangement of the mixed lineage leukemia gene occurring during pregnancy.

Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is a relatively rare disease during pregnancy, accounting for about 15% of all cases of pregnancy-associated leukemia.

Although mixed lineage leukemia gene (MLL) rearrangement is the dominant genetic aberration in infantile acute leukemia, the occurrence of MLL gene rearrangement in maternal ALL occurring during pregnancy has not been reported.

Out of 31 cases of maternal leukemia diagnosed during pregnancy at our institution, 5 were ALL cases.

We believe that the association of MLL gene rearrangement with maternal leukemia is biologically plausible and this observation needs to be validated in a larger cohort of pregnancy-associated maternal leukemia cases.

[MeSH-major] Gene Rearrangement. Myeloid-Lymphoid Leukemia Protein / genetics. Precursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma / genetics. Pregnancy Complications, Neoplastic

[MeSH-minor] Adult. Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols / therapeutic use. Cell Lineage. Chromosomes, Human, Pair 11 / genetics. Chromosomes, Human, Pair 4 / genetics. Combined Modality Therapy. Female. Gestational Age. Histone-Lysine N-Methyltransferase. Humans. Pregnancy. Prognosis. Stem Cell Transplantation. Translocation, Genetic. Young Adult

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(PMID = 20139053.001).

[ISSN] 1658-3876

[Journal-full-title] Hematology/oncology and stem cell therapy

[ISO-abbreviation] Hematol Oncol Stem Cell Ther

[Language] eng

[Publication-type] Case Reports; Journal Article

[Publication-country] Saudi Arabia

[Chemical-registry-number] 0 / MLL protein, human; 149025-06-9 / Myeloid-Lymphoid Leukemia Protein; EC 2.1.1.43 / Histone-Lysine N-Methyltransferase

   

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[Title] High-risk childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia.

Although most children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) are cured, certain subsets have a high risk of relapse.

Though early treatment response can be assessed by the peripheral blast cell count after 1 week of single-agent glucocorticoid treatment or percent of bone marrow blasts by morphology after 1 or 2 weeks of multiagent induction treatment, determination of minimal residual disease by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) or flow cytometry after 2 to 6 weeks of induction is the most precise and useful measure.

Infants with mixed-lineage leukemia (MLL)-rearranged ALL comprise a very poor-risk group wherein further intensification of chemotherapy causes significant toxicity.

Hybrid protocols incorporating drugs effective for acute myeloid leukemia could improve survival, a strategy being tested in international trials.

New agents and methods to overcome resistance are under investigation, and allogeneic stem cell transplantation is recommended for certain subsets of patients, for example those with Ph+ and T-cell ALL with poor early response.

Genome-wide interrogation of leukemic cell genetic abnormalities and germline genetic variations promise to identify new molecular targets for therapy.

[MeSH-major] Precursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma / diagnosis. Precursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma / pathology

[MeSH-minor] Adolescent. Antineoplastic Agents / therapeutic use. Child. Child, Preschool. Disease-Free Survival. Glucocorticoids / therapeutic use. Humans. Infant. Neoplasm, Residual / drug therapy. Polymerase Chain Reaction. Recurrence. Remission Induction. Treatment Outcome

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(PMID = 19778845.001).

[ISSN] 1938-0712

[Journal-full-title] Clinical lymphoma & myeloma

[ISO-abbreviation] Clin Lymphoma Myeloma

[Language] eng

[Grant] United States / NCI NIH HHS / CA / P30 CA021765; United States / NCI NIH HHS / CA / P30 CA021765-31; United States / NCI NIH HHS / CA / CA21765

[Publication-type] Journal Article; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Review

[Publication-country] United States

[Chemical-registry-number] 0 / Antineoplastic Agents; 0 / Glucocorticoids

[Number-of-references] 92

[Other-IDs] NLM/ NIHMS163517; NLM/ PMC2814411

   

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[Title] Acute myeloid leukemia with T-cell receptor gamma gene rearrangement occurring in a patient with chronic lymphocytic leukemia: a case report.

The association of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) and acute leukemia, either lymphoid or myeloid is a rare event.

Our review of the medical literature revealed only 6 cases of CLL transformation to acute myeloid leukemia (AML) (M0, M1 and M2) with no other associated malignancy.

We report a similar case but with occurrence of AML-M4 associated with normal cytogenetic analysis and molecular testing but with positive T-cell receptor gamma gene rearrangement rather than the usual Vbeta rearrangement.

[MeSH-major] Gene Rearrangement, gamma-Chain T-Cell Antigen Receptor. Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell / genetics. Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute / genetics. Neoplasms, Second Primary / genetics

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(PMID = 16947317.001).

[ISSN] 0361-8609

[Journal-full-title] American journal of hematology

[ISO-abbreviation] Am. J. Hematol.

[Language] eng

[Publication-type] Case Reports; Journal Article; Review

[Publication-country] United States

[Chemical-registry-number] 04079A1RDZ / Cytarabine; ZRP63D75JW / Idarubicin

[Number-of-references] 22

   

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[Title] Biphenotypic acute leukemia with t(15;17).

Biphenotypic acute leukemias (BAL) represent 5% of all acute leukemias.

Immunophenotype revealed the compromise of myeloid and B-lymphoid lineages.

This report describes a BAL case with an unfrequent cytogenetic abnormality, and highlights the importance of correlating the results of multiple diagnostic methods in order to establish a correct diagnosis and treatment in BAL patients.

[MeSH-major] Chromosome Inversion. Chromosomes, Human, Pair 15 / genetics. Chromosomes, Human, Pair 17 / genetics. Leukemia / genetics

[MeSH-minor] Acute Disease. Child. Chromosome Aberrations. Chromosomes, Human, Pair 8 / genetics. Female. Flow Cytometry / methods. Gene Rearrangement. Humans. Immunophenotyping. In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence / methods. Neoplasm, Residual / diagnosis. Neoplasm, Residual / genetics. Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction / methods. Trisomy

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(PMID = 16019491.001).

[ISSN] 1042-8194

[Journal-full-title] Leukemia & lymphoma

[ISO-abbreviation] Leuk. Lymphoma

[Language] eng

[Publication-type] Case Reports; Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

[Publication-country] England

   

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[Title] Persistent detection of a novel MLL-SACM1L rearrangement in the absence of leukemia.

Most chromosomal rearrangements including the mixed lineage leukemia (MLL) gene are manifested as leukemia and predict a poor prognosis.

Here we report a case of a 3-year old boy bearing a novel MLL-rearrangement with the suppressor of actin mutations 1-like (SACM1L) gene in the absence of leukemia.

Bone marrow cells harboring the MLL-SACM1L rearrangement appeared during chemotherapy for acute lymphoblastic leukemia with hyperdiploidy and were continuously detected over 7 years without clonal expansion.

[MeSH-major] Gene Rearrangement. Membrane Proteins / genetics. Myeloid-Lymphoid Leukemia Protein / genetics. Precursor B-Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma / genetics

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[Copyright] Copyright (c) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

(PMID = 20553989.001).

[ISSN] 1873-5835

[Journal-full-title] Leukemia research

[ISO-abbreviation] Leuk. Res.

[Language] eng

[Publication-type] Case Reports; Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

[Publication-country] England

[Chemical-registry-number] 0 / MLL protein, human; 0 / Membrane Proteins; 0 / SACM1L protein, human; 149025-06-9 / Myeloid-Lymphoid Leukemia Protein; EC 2.1.1.43 / Histone-Lysine N-Methyltransferase

   

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[Title] RNA interference against mixed lineage leukemia 5 resulted in cell cycle arrest.

Mixed lineage leukemia 5 (MLL5) encodes a mammalian trithorax group (TrxG) protein located within chromosome band 7q22, which is a frequently deleted region found in acute myeloid malignancies.

Recently, the emerging roles of TrxG and PcG group proteins in cell cycle regulation have begun to be elucidated.

In this study, we demonstrated that the mammalian trxG protein MLL5 is involved in multiple cell cycle regulation.

Knockdown of MLL5 by small interfering RNA resulted in the retarded cell growth and attenuated intake of BrdU in multiple tumor and normal diploid cells.

The cell cycle arrest induced by knockdown of MLL5 took place at both the G1 and G2/M phases.

This growth-inhibitory effect and dual-phase arrest were also found in p53-knockout cell lines, suggesting that the transactivation activity of p53 was dispensable for the MLL5-knockdown-mediated cell cycle arrest.

In addition, up-regulation of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p21 and de-phosphorylation of retinoblastoma protein were observed in all cell lines tested regardless of their p53 status.

These findings provide evidence that MLL5 might be an important cell cycle regulator, participating in cell cycle regulatory network machinery at multiple cell cycle stages.

[MeSH-major] Cell Cycle / physiology. DNA-Binding Proteins

[MeSH-minor] Animals. Cell Line. Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p21 / genetics. Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p21 / metabolism. Humans. RNA Interference. Retinoblastoma Protein / genetics. Retinoblastoma Protein / metabolism. Tumor Suppressor Protein p53 / genetics. Tumor Suppressor Protein p53 / metabolism

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(PMID = 18573682.001).

[ISSN] 1357-2725

[Journal-full-title] The international journal of biochemistry & cell biology

[ISO-abbreviation] Int. J. Biochem. Cell Biol.

[Language] eng

[Publication-type] Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

[Publication-country] England

[Chemical-registry-number] 0 / Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p21; 0 / DNA-Binding Proteins; 0 / MLL5 protein, human; 0 / Retinoblastoma Protein; 0 / TP53 protein, human; 0 / Tumor Suppressor Protein p53

   

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NF1 inactivation occurs in specific human cancers, including juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia, an aggressive myeloproliferative disorder of childhood.

However, evidence suggests that Nf1 loss alone does not cause leukemia.

We therefore hypothesized that inactivation of the Nf1 tumor suppressor gene requires cooperating mutations to cause acute leukemia.

One of these genes, Bcl11a, confers a growth advantage in cultured Nf1 mutant hematopoietic cells and causes early onset of leukemia of either myeloid or lymphoid lineage in mice when expressed in Nf1-deficient bone marrow.

Importantly, Bcl11a is expressed in human chronic myelomonocytic leukemia and juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia samples.

These findings suggest that deregulated Bcl11a cooperates with Nf1 in leukemogenesis, and a therapeutic strategy targeting the BCL11A pathway may prove beneficial in the treatment of leukemia.

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(PMID = 18948576.001).

[ISSN] 1528-0020

[Journal-full-title] Blood

[ISO-abbreviation] Blood

[Language] ENG

[Grant] United States / NCI NIH HHS / CA / U01 CA084221; United States / NCI NIH HHS / CA / CA84221

[Publication-type] Journal Article; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

[Publication-country] United States

[Chemical-registry-number] 0 / BCL11A protein, human; 0 / Bcl11a protein, mouse; 0 / CDKN1A protein, human; 0 / Carrier Proteins; 0 / Cdkn1a protein, mouse; 0 / Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p21; 0 / Neurofibromin 1; 0 / Nuclear Proteins

[Other-IDs] NLM/ PMC2635073

   

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Bone marrow biopsy and peripheral blood film confirmed the diagnosis of an acute biphenotypic leukaemia.

This case report highlights the fact that bone pain associated with a normal peripheral blood count may be the presentation of an acute haematological disorder in both adults and children.

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(PMID = 16137555.001).

[ISSN] 0953-6205

[Journal-full-title] European journal of internal medicine

[ISO-abbreviation] Eur. J. Intern. Med.

[Language] eng

[Publication-type] Journal Article

[Publication-country] Netherlands

   

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[Title] [Biphenotypic acute leukaemia with Burkitt-like cytology].

[Transliterated title] Leucémie aiguë biphénotypique avec aspect cytologique de type Burkitt.

Biphenotypic acute leukaemia (BAL) represents about 5% of adult acute leukaemia.

Based on a previously described scoring system, the European Group for Immunologic Classification of Leukaemia (EGIL) proposed a set of diagnostic criteria for BAL.

This scoring system is based on the number and degree of the specificity of several markers for myeloid or T/B lymphoid blasts.

Here, we report the case of a BAL with Burkitt-like cytology, corresponding to "the acute lymphoblastic leukaemia, Burkitt type" L3 for the FAB classification.

By flow cytometry, the blasts showed a positivity for B lymphoid cytoplasmic (CD79a and mu) and membrane (CD19, CD22, CD24, IgM) markers AND a positivity for the myeloid (CD13, CD33, CD65, CD15) markers.

[MeSH-major] Leukemia, Biphenotypic, Acute / genetics

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(PMID = 19654084.001).

[ISSN] 0003-3898

[Journal-full-title] Annales de biologie clinique

[ISO-abbreviation] Ann. Biol. Clin. (Paris)

[Language] fre

[Publication-type] English Abstract; Journal Article

[Publication-country] France

   

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[Title] [Therapeutic results in patients with biphenotypic acute leukemia at Sapporo Medical University Hospital].

We reviewed the results of 6 patients with biphenotypic acute leukemia (BAL) which the diagnostic standard of the European Group for the Immunological Characterization of Leukemia (EGIL) at Sapporo Medical University Hospital between 2006 and 2008.

Among them, 4 were B lymphoid and myeloid, 2 were T lymphoid and myeloid, and one was T/B lymphoid.

Two of 4 patients did not attain complete remission, and two relapsed after first treatment with acute myeloblastic leukemia (AML) protocol.

On the other hand, two showed complete remission after the acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) protocol.

One of 4 patients survived who had been treated with hematopoietic stem cell transplantation as a post-remission therapy.

[MeSH-major] Leukemia, Biphenotypic, Acute / drug therapy

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(PMID = 20948276.001).

[ISSN] 0385-0684

[Journal-full-title] Gan to kagaku ryoho. Cancer & chemotherapy

[ISO-abbreviation] Gan To Kagaku Ryoho

[Language] jpn

[Publication-type] Case Reports; English Abstract; Journal Article

[Publication-country] Japan

   

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[Title] Prophylaxis of central nervous system leukemia: a case of chronic myeloid leukemia with lymphoid blast crisis treated with imatinib mesylate.

BACKGROUND: Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) in blast crisis has a dismal prognosis.

METHODS: A child with CML in lymphoid blast crisis was diagnosed by complete hematological and bone marrow examination.

There was no central nervous system (CNS) leukemia at presentation.

Results of cerebrospinal fluid taken for cytopathology showed CNS leukemia.

[MeSH-major] Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols / therapeutic use. Blast Crisis / drug therapy. Central Nervous System Neoplasms / prevention & control. Piperazines / administration & dosage. Precursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma / drug therapy. Pyrimidines / administration & dosage

[MeSH-minor] Anti-Inflammatory Agents / administration & dosage. Benzamides. Blood Cell Count. Chemoprevention / methods. Child. Clinical Protocols. Cytarabine / administration & dosage. Drug Therapy, Combination. Female. Humans. Hydrocortisone / administration & dosage. Imatinib Mesylate. Injections, Spinal. Methotrexate / therapeutic use. Remission Induction

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[Cites] Clin Cancer Res. 2003 Oct 15;9(13):4674-81 [14581336.001]

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(PMID = 18661773.001).

[ISSN] 1708-8569

[Journal-full-title] World journal of pediatrics : WJP

[ISO-abbreviation] World J Pediatr

[Language] eng

[Publication-type] Case Reports; Journal Article

[Publication-country] Switzerland

[Chemical-registry-number] 0 / Anti-Inflammatory Agents; 0 / Benzamides; 0 / Piperazines; 0 / Pyrimidines; 04079A1RDZ / Cytarabine; 8A1O1M485B / Imatinib Mesylate; WI4X0X7BPJ / Hydrocortisone; YL5FZ2Y5U1 / Methotrexate

   

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[Title] [Expression of PTEN mRNA in acute leukemia and its clinical significance].

OBJECTIVE: To explore PTEN gene expression and its clinical significance in acute leukemia.

METHODS: The expression levels of PTEN mRNA in 5 leukemia cell lines, 87 patients with acute leukemias (AL), including 59 acute myeloid leukemia (AML), 26 acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), and 2 acute hybrid leukemia, 21 AL in complete remission (AL-CR), 31 chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) and 14 normal controls were assayed by RT-PCR.

RESULTS: PTEN mRNA was detected in K562 cell line, but not in Kasumi-1, HL-60, U937, Nalm-6 cell lines.

The decreased level of PTEN mRNA had a positive correlation with poor-prognostic factors (high white blood cell count of > or = 20 x 10(9)/L and chromosome abnormality).

[MeSH-major] Leukemia / metabolism. PTEN Phosphohydrolase / metabolism

[MeSH-minor] Cell Line, Tumor. Humans. RNA, Messenger / genetics. Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction

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(PMID = 16383243.001).

[ISSN] 0253-2727

[Journal-full-title] Zhonghua xue ye xue za zhi = Zhonghua xueyexue zazhi

[ISO-abbreviation] Zhonghua Xue Ye Xue Za Zhi

[Language] chi

[Publication-type] English Abstract; Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

[Publication-country] China

[Chemical-registry-number] 0 / RNA, Messenger; EC 3.1.3.48 / PTEN protein, human; EC 3.1.3.67 / PTEN Phosphohydrolase

   

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[Title] The prognostic impact of myeloid antigen expression in pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia patients.

The incidence of mixed-lineage leukemias in the pediatric age group was previously reported as 13.8% for myeloid antigen-positive ALL and 11.1% for lymphoid antigen-positive acute myeloid leukemia (AML).

Recent studies showed that extensive chemotherapy protocols overcome the risk of myeloid lineage.

Our study also supports most of the previous data and we postulate that myeloid antigen expression in pediatric ALL cases has insignificant effect on clinical presentation, relapse rates and survival.

Importantly, 54% of myeloid antigen-expressing ALL patients received high-risk treatment protocols for some other reasons and this may also have contributed to similar outcome in these patients to that observed in myeloid antigen-negative ALL patients.

[MeSH-major] Antigens, CD / immunology. Antigens, Differentiation, Myelomonocytic / immunology. Antigens, Neoplasm / immunology. Precursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma / immunology

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(PMID = 19227415.001).

[ISSN] 0041-4301

[Journal-full-title] The Turkish journal of pediatrics

[ISO-abbreviation] Turk. J. Pediatr.

[Language] eng

[Publication-type] Journal Article

[Publication-country] Turkey

[Chemical-registry-number] 0 / Antigens, CD; 0 / Antigens, Differentiation, Myelomonocytic; 0 / Antigens, Neoplasm

   

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[Title] Non-specific interstitial pneumonia as the initial presentation of biphenotypic acute leukemia: a case report.

We present a 46-year-old woman with recent-onset rheumatologic illness who developed pulmonary symptoms as the presenting feature of biphenotypic acute leukaemia.

Corticosteroid therapy resulted in resolution of both her pulmonary and rheumatologic symptoms, and her pulmonary symptoms did not recur following treatment of her leukemia.

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[Cites] Leuk Lymphoma. 2002 Nov;43(11):2083-92 [12533032.001]

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(PMID = 19918465.001).

[ISSN] 1757-1626

[Journal-full-title] Cases journal

[ISO-abbreviation] Cases J

[Language] eng

[Publication-type] Journal Article

[Publication-country] England

[Other-IDs] NLM/ PMC2769415

   

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[Title] [Biphenotypic Acute Leukemia with BCR-ABL mRNA Transcript b3a2 Type: A Case Report with Review of the Literature.].

Biphenotypic acute leukemia (BAL) is a subtype of leukemia of ambiguous lineage in the World Health Organization classification system.

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(PMID = 18156734.001).

[ISSN] 1598-6535

[Journal-full-title] The Korean journal of laboratory medicine

[ISO-abbreviation] Korean J Lab Med

[Language] kor

[Publication-type] English Abstract; Journal Article

[Publication-country] Korea (South)

   

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[Title] The versatile mixed lineage leukaemia gene MLL and its many associations in leukaemogenesis.

The marked association of abnormalities of chromosome 11 long arm, band q23, with human leukaemia led to the identification of the 11q23 gene called MLL (or HTRX, HRX, TRX1, ALL-1).

MLL can become fused with one of a remarkable panoply of genes from other chromosome locations in individual leukaemias, leading to either acute myeloid or lymphoid tumours (hence the name MLL for mixed lineage leukaemia).

The unusual finding that a single protein could be involved in both myeloid and lymphoid malignancies and that the truncated protein could do so as a fusion with very disparate partners has prompted studies to define the molecular role of MLL-fusions in leukaemogenesis and to the development of MLL-controlled mouse models of leukaemogenesis.

[MeSH-major] Cell Transformation, Neoplastic / metabolism. Cell Transformation, Neoplastic / pathology. Leukemia / metabolism. Leukemia / pathology. Myeloid-Lymphoid Leukemia Protein / metabolism

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(PMID = 15826832.001).

[ISSN] 1044-579X

[Journal-full-title] Seminars in cancer biology

[ISO-abbreviation] Semin. Cancer Biol.

[Language] eng

[Publication-type] Journal Article; Review

[Publication-country] United States

[Chemical-registry-number] 149025-06-9 / Myeloid-Lymphoid Leukemia Protein

[Number-of-references] 123

   

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[Title] Immunophenotypic profile of acute leukemia: critical analysis and insights gained at a tertiary care center in India.

BACKGROUND: To analyze the spectrum of various types and subtypes of acute leukemia.

METHODS: Two thousand five hundred and eleven consecutive new referral cases of acute leukemia (AL) were evaluated based on WHO classification.

RESULTS: It included 1,471 cases (58%) of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), 964 cases (38%) of acute myeloid leukemia (AML), 45 cases (1.8%) of chronic myelogenous leukemia in blast crisis (CMLBC), 37 cases (1.5%) of biphenotypic acute leukemia (BAL), 1 case of Triphenotypic AL, and 2 cases of acute undifferentiated leukemia (AUL).

Common subtypes of ALL were B-cell ALL (76%), which comprised of intermediate stage/CALLA positive (73%), early precursor/proBALL (3%).

T-cell ALL constituted 24% (351 cases) of ALL.

CMLBC was commonly of myeloid blast crisis subtype (40 cases).

CONCLUSION: B-cell ALL was the commonest subtype in children and AML in adults.

CD13 was most sensitive and CD117 most specific for determining myeloid lineage.

A minimal primary panel of nine antibodies consisting of three myeloid markers (CD13, CD33, and CD117), B-cell lymphoid marker (CD19), T-cell marker (CD7), with CD45, CD10, CD34, and HLADR could assign lineage to 92% of AL.

Cytogenetics findings lead to a change in the diagnostic subtype of myeloid malignancy in 38 (1.5%) cases.

[MeSH-major] Immunophenotyping. Leukemia / immunology. Leukemia / pathology

[MeSH-minor] Acute Disease. Adolescent. Adult. Aged. Aged, 80 and over. Child. Child, Preschool. Cytogenetic Analysis. Female. Histocytochemistry. Humans. In Situ Hybridization. India. Infant. Infant, Newborn. Male. Middle Aged. Retrospective Studies. Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction. Young Adult

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[Copyright] (c) 2008 Clinical Cytometry Society.

(PMID = 18803279.001).

[ISSN] 1552-4957

[Journal-full-title] Cytometry. Part B, Clinical cytometry

[ISO-abbreviation] Cytometry B Clin Cytom

[Language] eng

[Publication-type] Journal Article

[Publication-country] United States

   

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[Title] [Major molecular response to imatinib in a patient with acute mixed lineage leukemia expressing a novel BCR/ABL transcript].

OBJECTIVE: To identify the novel BCR/ABL transcript in a patient with acute mixed lineage leukemia (AMLL), and to evaluate the imatinib treatment response by quantitatively monitoring the aberrant BCR/ABL.

Morphological analysis of the bone marrow showed the myeloid blast cells accounted for 66%, and immunophenotyping analysis showed 2 groups of aberrant blast cells: myeloid and B lineage.

Chemical therapy and bone marrow transplantation failed to control the disease, and a novel BCR/ABL transcript (GenBank: EF423615) was found by using several detection protocols.

[MeSH-major] Fusion Proteins, bcr-abl / genetics. Leukemia, Biphenotypic, Acute / drug therapy. Leukemia, Biphenotypic, Acute / genetics. Piperazines / therapeutic use. Pyrimidines / therapeutic use

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(PMID = 19552835.001).

[ISSN] 0376-2491

[Journal-full-title] Zhonghua yi xue za zhi

[ISO-abbreviation] Zhonghua Yi Xue Za Zhi

[Language] chi

[Publication-type] Case Reports; English Abstract; Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

[Publication-country] China

[Chemical-registry-number] 0 / Benzamides; 0 / Piperazines; 0 / Pyrimidines; 8A1O1M485B / Imatinib Mesylate; EC 2.7.10.2 / Fusion Proteins, bcr-abl

   

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[Title] Detection of myeloperoxidase activity in primary leukemic cells by an enhanced chemiluminescent assay for differentiation between acute lymphoblastic and non-lymphoblastic leukemia.

BACKGROUND: Myeloperoxidase (MPO) plays a crucial role in the differentiation of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) and acute non-lymphoblastic leukemia (ANLL).

In this report, we proposed the application of the enhanced chemiluminescent (ECL) technique to the determination of MPO activity in blasts of acute leukemia (AL).

METHODS: Bone-marrow samples were obtained from 23 patients with AL (ALL, 5 cases; ANLL, 13 cases; AUL, 1 cases; mixed-lineage AL, 4 cases).

In addition, this technique was able to demonstrate MPO activity in 4 mixed-lineage AL cases which did not stain for MPO in cytochemistry preparations.

[MeSH-major] Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute / enzymology. Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute / pathology. Luminescent Measurements / methods. Peroxidase / metabolism. Precursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma / enzymology. Precursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma / pathology

[MeSH-minor] Adolescent. Adult. Aged. Child. Diagnosis, Differential. Female. HL-60 Cells. Humans. Infant. Male. Middle Aged

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(PMID = 19298796.001).

[ISSN] 1873-3492

[Journal-full-title] Clinica chimica acta; international journal of clinical chemistry

[ISO-abbreviation] Clin. Chim. Acta

[Language] eng

[Publication-type] Journal Article

[Publication-country] Netherlands

[Chemical-registry-number] EC 1.11.1.7 / Peroxidase

   

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MLL (mixed-lineage leukemia) is a histone H3 Lys-4 specific methyltransferase that is a positive regulator of Hox expression.

MLL rearrangements and amplification are common in acute lymphoid and myeloid leukemias and myelodysplastic disorders and are associated with abnormal up-regulation of Hox gene expression.

[MeSH-major] Gene Expression Regulation. Genes, Homeobox / genetics. Myeloid-Lymphoid Leukemia Protein / metabolism. RNA Polymerase II / metabolism. Transcription, Genetic / genetics

[MeSH-minor] Animals. Cell Line. Chromatin Immunoprecipitation. Glutathione Transferase. Mice. Mice, Inbred C57BL. Polymerase Chain Reaction

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(PMID = 16199523.001).

[ISSN] 0027-8424

[Journal-full-title] Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

[ISO-abbreviation] Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

[Language] eng

[Publication-type] Comparative Study; Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

[Publication-country] United States

[Chemical-registry-number] 149025-06-9 / Myeloid-Lymphoid Leukemia Protein; EC 2.5.1.18 / Glutathione Transferase; EC 2.7.7.- / RNA Polymerase II

[Other-IDs] NLM/ PMC1253553

   

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[Title] Differential gene expression in acute lymphoblastic leukemia cells surviving allogeneic transplant.

The effectiveness of allogeneic graft-versus-leukemia (GVL) activity in control of acute lymphoblastic leukemia is generally regarded as poor.

One possible factor is dynamic adaptation of the leukemia cell to the allogeneic environment.

This work tested the hypothesis that the pattern of gene expression in acute lymphoblastic leukemia cells in an allogeneic environment would differ from that in a non-allogeneic environment.

Expression microarray studies were performed in murine B lineage acute lymphoblastic leukemia cells recovered from mice that had undergone allogeneic MHC-matched but minor histocompatibility antigen mismatched transplants.

Several genes with known immune activities potentially relevant to leukemia survival (Ly6a/Sca-1, TRAIL and H2-T23) were examined in independent validation experiments.

Increased expression in vivo in allogeneic hosts was observed, and could be mimicked in vitro with soluble supernatants of mixed lymphocyte reactions or interferon-gamma.

The changes in gene expression were reversible when the leukemia cells were removed from the allogeneic environment.

These findings suggest that acute lymphoblastic leukemia cells respond to cytokines present after allogeneic transplantation and that these changes may reduce the effectiveness of GVL activity.

[MeSH-major] Biomarkers, Tumor / genetics. Bone Marrow Transplantation. Graft Survival / physiology. Graft vs Leukemia Effect / genetics. Precursor B-Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma / genetics

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(PMID = 20602231.001).

[ISSN] 1432-0851

[Journal-full-title] Cancer immunology, immunotherapy : CII

[ISO-abbreviation] Cancer Immunol. Immunother.

[Language] eng

[Grant] United States / NCI NIH HHS / CA / 1R01CA10628

[Publication-type] Journal Article; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

[Publication-country] Germany

[Chemical-registry-number] 0 / Biomarkers, Tumor; 0 / Minor Histocompatibility Antigens; 0 / RNA, Messenger; 82115-62-6 / Interferon-gamma

   

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[Title] [Study on the clinical characteristics of adult biphenotypic acute leukaemia].

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the clinical and biological characteristics and prognosis of adult biphenotypic acute leukaemia (BAL).

The chemotherapy regimens were accordingly for acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL), acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) or for both ALL and AML.

(1) The incidence of BAL in acute leukaemias was 6.7%, with a male predominance and 52.3% of BAL patients had WBC > or = 30 x 10(9)/L and 16.9% WBC > or = 100 x 10(9)/L. (2) Percentages of coexpression of myeloid and B lymphoid antigens were 81.5%, of myeloid and T lymphoid antigens 10.8%, of myeloid, B- and T lymphoid antigens 4.6%, and of B and T lymphoid antigens 3.1%. (3) Normal and abnormal karyotypes accounted for 41.5% and 58.5%, respectively in 53 BAL patients with karyotype analysis.

(1) High white blood cell count and coexpression of myeloid/B lymphoid antigens are common in BAL. (2) Abnormal karyotypes and Ph (+) or bcr-abl( +) often happen. (3) The treatment outcome of BAL is poor.

[MeSH-major] Leukemia, Biphenotypic, Acute

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(PMID = 19563029.001).

[ISSN] 0253-2727

[Journal-full-title] Zhonghua xue ye xue za zhi = Zhonghua xueyexue zazhi

[ISO-abbreviation] Zhonghua Xue Ye Xue Za Zhi

[Language] chi

[Publication-type] English Abstract; Journal Article

[Publication-country] China

   

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[Title] Defining leukemia stem cells in MLL-translocated leukemias: implications for novel therapeutic strategies.

An important question in the development of novel, less toxic antileukemic strategies specifically targeting leukemia stem cells is how closely leukemia stem cells are related to normal hematopoietic stem cells.

It has been recently demonstrated that leukemia stem cells can be derived from different stages in normal hematopoiesis and have unique phenotypic and genetic features.

Introduction of Mixed-lineage leukemia ( MLL)-fusion oncoproteins, frequently found in infant leukemias and therapy-related leukemias, into differentiated hematopoietic progenitor cells results in the generation of leukemias with a high frequency of leukemia stem cells.

The progenitor-derived leukemia stem cells ectopically express a limited stem cell program while maintaining the global identity of differentiated myeloid cells.

Development of therapeutic strategies that specifically target the leukemia stem cell program while sparing normal hematopoietic stem cells may represent a novel therapeutic approach in human leukemias with high efficacy yet less side effects.

[MeSH-major] Leukemia / therapy. Leukemia, Biphenotypic, Acute. Myeloid-Lymphoid Leukemia Protein / genetics. Neoplastic Stem Cells

[MeSH-minor] Child. Hematopoietic Stem Cells. Histone-Lysine N-Methyltransferase. Humans. Infant. Oncogene Proteins, Fusion. Phenotype

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(PMID = 18050039.001).

[ISSN] 0300-8630

[Journal-full-title] Klinische Pädiatrie

[ISO-abbreviation] Klin Padiatr

[Language] eng

[Publication-type] Comparative Study; Journal Article; Review

[Publication-country] Germany

[Chemical-registry-number] 0 / MLL protein, human; 0 / Oncogene Proteins, Fusion; 149025-06-9 / Myeloid-Lymphoid Leukemia Protein; EC 2.1.1.43 / Histone-Lysine N-Methyltransferase

[Number-of-references] 62

   

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[Title] Leukemic infiltration of the lung following allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation.

Pulmonary leukemic infiltration (PLI) is more common than generally recognized, but accurate antemortem diagnosis with pathological proof is rarely achieved.

We describe herein the clinical courses of two patients with PLI following hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT).

One case is a male patient with acute biphenotypic leukemia, and the other is a female patient with myelodysplastic syndrome.

Moreover, the former case presented PLI as the initial manifestation of relapsed leukemia and the latter was accompanied with the fungal pneumonia.

High-resolution computed tomography (HRCT) of the chest at onset of PLI showed diffuse small nodular lesions along peribronchovascular bundle, and diagnosis of leukemic infiltration was made based on pathological findings obtained from transbronchial lung biopsy.

Thus, radiological and pathological corroborating assessment was important to reach the correct diagnosis.

[MeSH-major] Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation / adverse effects. Leukemic Infiltration / diagnosis. Lung Neoplasms / etiology

[MeSH-minor] Adult. Female. Humans. Leukemia / pathology. Lung / pathology. Male. Middle Aged. Myelodysplastic Syndromes / diagnosis. Myelodysplastic Syndromes / etiology. Opportunistic Infections. Transplantation, Homologous

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(PMID = 19093164.001).

[ISSN] 1865-3774

[Journal-full-title] International journal of hematology

[ISO-abbreviation] Int. J. Hematol.

[Language] eng

[Publication-type] Case Reports; Journal Article

[Publication-country] Japan

   

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[Title] Clinical and biological characteristics of adult biphenotypic acute leukemia in comparison with that of acute myeloid leukemia and acute lymphoblastic leukemia: a case series of a Chinese population.

BACKGROUND: Biphenotypic acute leukemia is a rare disorder that is difficult to diagnose.

It displays features of both myeloid and lymphoid lineage.

There is still a lack of studies in biphenotypic acute leukemia in a Chinese population.

We present here a comprehensive investigation of the clinical and biological characteristics, and outcome of biphenotypic acute leukemia in our hospital in over a seven year period.

DESIGN AND METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed 452 adult acute leukemia patients diagnosed according to French-American-British (FAB) classification and biphenotypic acute leukemia diagnosed according to European Group for the Immunological Characterization of Leukemias (EGIL) classification, respectively.

Biological characteristics, response to treatment, and outcome were examined in biphenotypic acute leukemia patients and compared with that in acute myeloid leukemia and acute lymphoblastic leukemia patients with complete follow-up profiles diagnosed in the same period.

RESULTS: Of 452 acute leukemia patients, 21 cases (4.6%) were diagnosed as biphenotypic acute leukemia.

Among them, 14 (66.7%) were B lymphoid and myeloid, 5 (23.8%) were T lymphoid and myeloid, one (4.8%) was T/B lymphoid and one (4.8%) was trilineage differentiation.

When compared with acute myeloid leukemia and acute lymphoblastic leukemia, patients with biphenotypic acute leukemia showed significantly higher incidence of CD34 antigen expression, unfavorable karyotypes, and extramedullary infiltration (p<0.05).

In this cohort of patients with biphenotypic acute leukemia, t(9;22) was the most common abnormality in chromosome structure.

The median disease-free survival and overall survival in biphenotypic acute leukemia patients was five months and ten months, respectively, significantly shorter than those in acute myeloid leukemia and acute lymphoblastic leukemia patients (p<0.05).

CONCLUSIONS: The prognosis of biphenotypic acute leukemia patients is poor when compared with de novo acute myeloid leukemia or acute lymphoblastic leukemia.

Biphenotypic acute leukemia patients showed a much higher incidence of CD34 antigen expression, complex abnormal karyotype, extramedullary infiltration, relapse, and resistance to therapy after relapse.

[MeSH-major] Leukemia, Biphenotypic, Acute / diagnosis. Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute / diagnosis. Precursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma / diagnosis

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(PMID = 19454497.001).

[ISSN] 1592-8721

[Journal-full-title] Haematologica

[ISO-abbreviation] Haematologica

[Language] eng

[Publication-type] Comparative Study; Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

[Publication-country] Italy

[Chemical-registry-number] 0 / Antigens, CD34

[Other-IDs] NLM/ PMC2704302

   

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The chromosomal translocation t(4;11)(q21;q23) is the most frequent genetic aberration of the human MLL gene, resulting in high-risk acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL).

Recipients of AF4.MLL- or double-transduced LSPCs developed pro-B ALL, B/T biphenotypic acute leukemia, or mixed lineage leukemia.

Transplantation of MLL.AF4- or mock-transduced LSPCs did not result in disease development during an observation period of 13 months.

These findings indicate that the expression of the AF4.MLL fusion protein is capable of inducing acute lymphoblastic leukemia even in the absence of the MLL.AF4 fusion protein.

In view of recent findings, these results may imply that t(4;11) leukemia is based on 2 oncoproteins, providing an explanation for the very early onset of disease in humans.

[MeSH-major] Cell Transformation, Neoplastic / metabolism. DNA-Binding Proteins / metabolism. Gene Expression Regulation, Leukemic. Myeloid-Lymphoid Leukemia Protein / metabolism. Nuclear Proteins / metabolism. Oncogene Proteins, Fusion / metabolism. Precursor B-Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma / metabolism

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(PMID = 20194896.001).

[ISSN] 1528-0020

[Journal-full-title] Blood

[ISO-abbreviation] Blood

[Language] eng

[Publication-type] Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

[Publication-country] United States

[Chemical-registry-number] 0 / Aff1 protein, mouse; 0 / DNA-Binding Proteins; 0 / Nuclear Proteins; 0 / Oncogene Proteins, Fusion; 149025-06-9 / Myeloid-Lymphoid Leukemia Protein; EC 2.1.1.43 / Histone-Lysine N-Methyltransferase; EC 2.1.1.43 / Mll protein, mouse

   

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[Title] Mixed-phenotype acute leukemia: historical overview and a new definition.

Acute leukemia with a mixed phenotype is a rare disease and comprises 2-5% of all acute leukemias.

These disorders have been known historically by a variety of names, such as mixed lineage leukemia, bilineal leukemia and biphenotypic leukemia, and the criteria for diagnosis have often been arbitrary.

The scoring criteria proposed by the European Group for the Immunological Characterization of Leukemias represented a major attempt to define this disorder.

However, the relative weight given to some markers and the lack of lineage specificity of most markers have raised questions regarding the significance of this approach.

In 2008, the World Health Organization classification of hematopoietic and lymphoid tumors proposed a simpler diagnostic algorithm, which relies on fewer and more lineage-specific markers to define mixed-phenotype acute leukemia (MPAL).

MPAL with t(9;22) and MLL rearrangement have been separated.

Several studies have suggested that patients with acute leukemia of mixed phenotype have a worse clinical outcome when compared with matched controls with acute myeloid leukemia or acute lymphoblastic leukemia.

Further studies are needed to confirm the significance of MPAL as currently defined, to determine a standardized treatment approach and to better understand the biological and clinical aspects of this disease.

[MeSH-major] Leukemia / genetics

[MeSH-minor] Acute Disease. Antigens, CD / analysis. Biomarkers, Tumor / analysis. Blast Crisis / pathology. Gene Rearrangement. Humans. Leukemia, B-Cell / classification. Leukemia, B-Cell / genetics. Leukemia, T-Cell / classification. Leukemia, T-Cell / genetics. Phenotype

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(PMID = 20844566.001).

[ISSN] 1476-5551

[Journal-full-title] Leukemia

[ISO-abbreviation] Leukemia

[Language] eng

[Publication-type] Journal Article; Review

[Publication-country] England

[Chemical-registry-number] 0 / Antigens, CD; 0 / Biomarkers, Tumor

   

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[Title] [Clinical characteristics and outcomes of 59 patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia positive for BCR/ABL].

OBJECTIVE: To study the clinical characteristics and outcomes of BCR/ABL-positive acute lymphoblastic leukemia (BCR/ABL360888725-ALL) and screen the prognostic factors for BCR/ABL360888725-ALL.

METHODS: From January 2001 to May 2008, 59 patients (median age of 32 years ranging from 3 to 69 years) with the diagnosis of BCR/ABL360888725-ALL by fluorescence in situ hybridization received induction chemotherapy with VDLP-/+Ara-C regimen.

The patients who failed to respond to the chemotherapy received subsequent consolidation chemotherapy with imatinib (400-800 mg/day) (17 cases) or allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT) (16 cases).

In patients with peripheral white blood cell (WBC) count <30=10(9)/L, 30-99.9(9)/L and > or =100(9)/L, the CR rates were 75.0% (18/24), 56.3% (9/15) and 26.3% (5/19) (P=0.006), and the overall survival probability of 2 years ( OSs of 2-yrs) was 24.7%, 22.5% and 21.1%, respectively (P=0.180).

According to the FAB classification, 56 cases were divided into L1, L2 and biphenotypic acute leukemia (BAL) subgroups, and their CR rates were 66.7% (6/9), 63.2% (24/38) and 22.2% (2/9) (P=0.029), with OSs of 2-yrs of 22.2%, 27.0% and 22.0%, respectively (P=0.623).

In terms of immunophenotype grouping by EGIL, the patients with ALL, myeloid antigen-positive ALL and BAL had CR rates of 61.1% (11/18), 60.6% (20/33) and 12.5% (1/8) (P=0.039), and the OSs of 2-yrs of 22.7%, 21.0% and 18.8%, respectively (P=0.643).

In 55 patients with known karyotype, the CR rates were 71.4%(5/7), 70.8% (17/24) and 37.5% (9/24) in normal, sole t(9;22) abnormality, t(9;22) with additional abnormalities groups (P=0.046), with the OSs of 2-yrs of 42.9%, 34.0% and 7.3%, respectively (P=0.000).

[MeSH-major] Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols / therapeutic use. Genes, abl / genetics. Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation. Precursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma / genetics. Precursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma / therapy

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(PMID = 19304540.001).

[ISSN] 1673-4254

[Journal-full-title] Nan fang yi ke da xue xue bao = Journal of Southern Medical University

[ISO-abbreviation] Nan Fang Yi Ke Da Xue Xue Bao

[Language] chi

[Publication-type] English Abstract; Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

[Publication-country] China

[Chemical-registry-number] 0 / Benzamides; 0 / Piperazines; 0 / Pyrimidines; 8A1O1M485B / Imatinib Mesylate

   

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[Title] Concomitant t(4;11) and t(1;19) in a patient with biphenotypic acute leukemia.

[MeSH-major] Chromosomes, Human, Pair 1 / genetics. Chromosomes, Human, Pair 11 / genetics. Chromosomes, Human, Pair 19 / genetics. Chromosomes, Human, Pair 4 / genetics. Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute / genetics. Translocation, Genetic

[MeSH-minor] Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols / therapeutic use. Chromosome Banding. Fatal Outcome. Humans. Karyotyping. Male. Middle Aged. Phenotype

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(PMID = 17693199.001).

[ISSN] 0165-4608

[Journal-full-title] Cancer genetics and cytogenetics

[ISO-abbreviation] Cancer Genet. Cytogenet.

[Language] eng

[Publication-type] Case Reports; Letter

[Publication-country] United States

   

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[Title] Detection of FLT3 gene and FLT3/ITD mutation by polymerase chain reaction-single-strand conformation polymorphism in patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze Fms-like tyrosine kinase 3 (FLT3) gene and FLT3 internal tandem duplication (ITD) mutation in acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) patients of different immunological subtypes.

The positivity rate of FLT3 gene in pre-pre B-lineage ALL, pre-B-ALL, B-lineage ALL and T-lineage ALL cases were 93.3% (14/15), 77.8% (14/18), 41.7% (5/12) and 28.6% (4/14), respectively.

Two cases (3.2%) were found to have FLT3/ITD mutation, which were also positive for myeloid antigen expression and diagnosed as acute mixed-lineage leukemia, showing leukocytosis and high percentage of bone marrow blast cells with poor prognosis.

CONCLUSIONS: FLT3 gene can be detected in both B-and T-lineage ALL patients, but more frequently in the former.

In B-lineage ALL patients, FLT3 gene is more frequent in cases with undifferentiated than those with differentiated blast cells.

FLT3/ITD is rarely detected in ALL patients and FLT3/ITD mutation detection might be helpful to identify the genotypes and evaluate the prognosis of acute leukemia.

[MeSH-major] Mutation. Precursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma / genetics. Receptor Protein-Tyrosine Kinases / genetics. Tandem Repeat Sequences / genetics. fms-Like Tyrosine Kinase 3 / genetics

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(PMID = 16234090.001).

[ISSN] 1000-2588

[Journal-full-title] Di 1 jun yi da xue xue bao = Academic journal of the first medical college of PLA

[ISO-abbreviation] Di Yi Jun Yi Da Xue Xue Bao

[Language] eng

[Publication-type] Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

[Publication-country] China

[Chemical-registry-number] EC 2.7.10.1 / Receptor Protein-Tyrosine Kinases; EC 2.7.10.1 / fms-Like Tyrosine Kinase 3

   

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In this study, we focus on two closely related clathrin assembly proteins, AP180 and CALM (clathrin assembly lymphoid myeloid leukemia protein), in the developing embryonic rat brain.

[MeSH-minor] Animals. Cell Line. Clathrin / metabolism. Clathrin-Coated Vesicles / metabolism. Female. Neurons / cytology. Neurons / metabolism. Pregnancy. Rats. Stem Cells / cytology. Stem Cells / metabolism

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(PMID = 20653035.001).

[ISSN] 1096-9861

[Journal-full-title] The Journal of comparative neurology

[ISO-abbreviation] J. Comp. Neurol.

[Language] eng

[Grant] United States / Intramural NIH HHS / / Z99 AG999999

[Publication-type] Journal Article; Research Support, N.I.H., Intramural

[Publication-country] United States

[Chemical-registry-number] 0 / Clathrin; 0 / Monomeric Clathrin Assembly Proteins; 0 / Picalm protein, rat; 0 / clathrin assembly protein AP180

[Other-IDs] NLM/ NIHMS215726; NLM/ PMC2909614

   

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[Title] NUP98-MLL fusion in human acute myeloblastic leukemia.

H3K4 (histone H3 lysine 4) methylation by the SET domain of the trithorax-group protein MLL (mixed-lineage leukemia) is important for the control of homeobox (HOX) gene expression during development.

MLL fusion proteins associated with human leukemia contain the menin interaction peptide and frequently recruit H3K79 (histone H3 lysine 79) methylation activity.

We have characterized a novel recurrent chromosomal aberration, inv(11)(p15q23), as an isolated chromosomal abnormality in 2 patients with acute myeloid leukemia.

[MeSH-major] Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute / genetics. Myeloid-Lymphoid Leukemia Protein / genetics. Nuclear Pore Complex Proteins / genetics. Oncogene Proteins, Fusion / genetics

[MeSH-minor] Adult. Aged. Base Sequence. Cell Transformation, Neoplastic / genetics. Chromosome Inversion. Chromosomes, Human, Pair 11 / genetics. DNA Primers / genetics. DNA, Neoplasm / genetics. Female. Gene Expression. Genes, Homeobox. Histone-Lysine N-Methyltransferase. Histones / metabolism. Homeodomain Proteins / genetics. Homeodomain Proteins / metabolism. Humans. Male. Oncogene Fusion. Proto-Oncogene Proteins / metabolism

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(PMID = 20558618.001).

[ISSN] 1528-0020

[Journal-full-title] Blood

[ISO-abbreviation] Blood

[Language] eng

[Publication-type] Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

[Publication-country] United States

[Chemical-registry-number] 0 / DNA Primers; 0 / DNA, Neoplasm; 0 / Histones; 0 / Homeodomain Proteins; 0 / MEN1 protein, human; 0 / MLL protein, human; 0 / Nuclear Pore Complex Proteins; 0 / Nup98 protein, human; 0 / Oncogene Proteins, Fusion; 0 / Proto-Oncogene Proteins; 149025-06-9 / Myeloid-Lymphoid Leukemia Protein; 157907-48-7 / HoxA protein; EC 2.1.1.43 / Histone-Lysine N-Methyltransferase

   

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[Title] Acute leukemia of ambiguous lineage, biphenotype, without CD34, TdT or TCR-rearrangement.

Biphenotypic acute leukemia (BAL) is a rare entity that comprises 0.5-3% of all acute leukemias and probably arises from multipotent progenitor cells.

We report the case of a 41-year-old man with BAL having myeloid and T-lymphoid lineage phenotypes.

This pattern is rarely encountered and suggests that the blast cells were possibly considered immature with aspects of differentiation indicating myeloid lineage, rather than T-lymphoid lineage.

[MeSH-major] Antigens, CD34 / genetics. Cell Lineage / genetics. DNA Nucleotidylexotransferase / genetics. Gene Rearrangement / genetics. Leukemia, Biphenotypic, Acute / genetics. Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell. Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta / genetics. Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta / genetics

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(PMID = 19687594.001).

[ISSN] 1349-7235

[Journal-full-title] Internal medicine (Tokyo, Japan)

[ISO-abbreviation] Intern. Med.

[Language] eng

[Publication-type] Case Reports; Journal Article

[Publication-country] Japan

[Chemical-registry-number] 0 / Antigens, CD34; 0 / Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell; 0 / Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta; 0 / Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta; EC 2.7.7.31 / DNA Nucleotidylexotransferase

   

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[Title] Nebulette is the second member of the nebulin family fused to the MLL gene in infant leukemia.

Genetic aberrations involving the mixed lineage leukemia (MLL) gene are frequently diagnosed in infant acute lymphoblastic and acute myeloid leukemia.

More than 60 fusion partner genes have been described at the molecular level, 31 of which have been characterized solely in infant leukemia cases.

Here we describe a new MLL fusion partner gene, NEBL, which was identified in a case of acute myeloid leukemia in an infant.

[MeSH-major] Carrier Proteins / genetics. Cytoskeletal Proteins / genetics. Leukemia / genetics. Myeloid-Lymphoid Leukemia Protein / genetics. Oncogene Proteins, Fusion / genetics

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[Copyright] Copyright 2010 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

(PMID = 20362230.001).

[ISSN] 1873-4456

[Journal-full-title] Cancer genetics and cytogenetics

[ISO-abbreviation] Cancer Genet. Cytogenet.

[Language] eng

[Publication-type] Case Reports; Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

[Publication-country] United States

[Chemical-registry-number] 0 / Carrier Proteins; 0 / Cytoskeletal Proteins; 0 / LIM Domain Proteins; 0 / MLL protein, human; 0 / Muscle Proteins; 0 / NEBL protein, human; 0 / Oncogene Proteins, Fusion; 0 / nebulin; 149025-06-9 / Myeloid-Lymphoid Leukemia Protein; EC 2.1.1.43 / Histone-Lysine N-Methyltransferase

   

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[Title] Tandem duplications of MLL and FLT3 are correlated with poor prognoses in pediatric acute myeloid leukemia: a study of the Japanese childhood AML Cooperative Study Group.

BACKGROUND: Mixed-lineage leukemia (MLL)-partial tandem duplication (PTD) is associated with poor prognosis in adult acute myeloid leukemia (AML), but its relationship to pediatric AML is unknown.

The differences between patients with and without MLL-PTD were significant for 3-year overall survival (OS) (56.3% vs. 83.2%, P = 0.018), disease-free survival (DFS) (41.7% vs. 69.6%, P = 0.010), and relapse rate (RR) (54.3% vs. 27.6%, P = 0.0085) of 135 AML patients excluding the FAB-M3 and DS patients.

[MeSH-major] Gene Duplication. Leukemia, Myeloid / genetics. Myeloid-Lymphoid Leukemia Protein / genetics. fms-Like Tyrosine Kinase 3 / genetics

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[Copyright] (c) 2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

(PMID = 17763464.001).

[ISSN] 1545-5017

[Journal-full-title] Pediatric blood & cancer

[ISO-abbreviation] Pediatr Blood Cancer

[Language] eng

[Publication-type] Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

[Publication-country] United States

[Chemical-registry-number] 0 / MLL protein, human; 149025-06-9 / Myeloid-Lymphoid Leukemia Protein; EC 2.1.1.43 / Histone-Lysine N-Methyltransferase; EC 2.7.10.1 / FLT3 protein, human; EC 2.7.10.1 / fms-Like Tyrosine Kinase 3

   

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[Title] Microenvironment determines lineage fate in a human model of MLL-AF9 leukemia.

Faithful modeling of mixed-lineage leukemia in murine cells has been difficult to achieve.

We show that expression of MLL-AF9 in human CD34+ cells induces acute myeloid, lymphoid, or mixed-lineage leukemia in immunodeficient mice.

Some leukemia stem cells (LSC) were multipotent and could be lineage directed by altering either the growth factors or the recipient strain of mouse, highlighting the importance of microenvironmental cues.

Other LSC were strictly lineage committed, demonstrating the heterogeneity of the stem cell compartment in MLL disease.

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[CommentIn] Cancer Cell. 2008 Jun;13(6):465-7 [18538728.001]

(PMID = 18538732.001).

[ISSN] 1878-3686

[Journal-full-title] Cancer cell

[ISO-abbreviation] Cancer Cell

[Language] ENG

[Databank-accession-numbers] GEO/ GSE7011

[Grant] United States / NCI NIH HHS / CA / CA090370-06; United States / NCI NIH HHS / CA / R01 CA118319; United States / NCI NIH HHS / CA / K01 CA090370; United States / NCRR NIH HHS / RR / M01 RR 08084; United States / NCRR NIH HHS / RR / M01 RR008084; United States / NCI NIH HHS / CA / R01 CA118319-01; United States / NCI NIH HHS / CA / CA118319-01; United States / NCI NIH HHS / CA / K01 CA090370-06; United States / NCI NIH HHS / CA / CA118319; United States / NCI NIH HHS / CA / CA90370

[Publication-type] Journal Article; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

[Publication-country] United States

[Chemical-registry-number] 0 / Antigens, CD34; 0 / Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; 0 / MLL-AF9 fusion protein, human; 0 / Oncogene Proteins, Fusion; 149025-06-9 / Myeloid-Lymphoid Leukemia Protein; EC 3.6.5.2 / rac GTP-Binding Proteins

[Other-IDs] NLM/ NIHMS54902; NLM/ PMC2486365