The submitted query is '19904643[related] 2004:2009[pubdate] *count=50 *page=4'
Items 151 to 200 of about 3680094
151. |......... 6%Walker SE, Sander JE: Effect of BioSentry 904 and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid-tris disinfecting during incubation of chicken eggs on microbial levels and productivity of poultry.Avian Dis; 2004 Apr-Jun;48(2):238-43
[Title] Effect of BioSentry 904 and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid-tris disinfecting during incubation of chicken eggs on microbial levels and productivity of poultry.
Proper sanitation practices and the use of efficacious disinfectants in a hatchery have an effect on chick quality.
Aerosol bacterial counts, egg moisture loss, hatchability, chick quality, and broiler productivity were evaluated when egg surfaces were contaminated by immersion of each egg into a broth medium containing a field isolate of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and incubated with exposure to one of three disinfectant treatments administered by fine spray: distilled water, BioSentry 904 (904), and a 1:1 ratio of 904 and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA)-Tris.
The aerosol bacteria levels were statistically greater on day 21 of incubation in the group treated with distilled water than in those receiving disinfectants.
Overall hatch of fertile eggs and egg moisture loss were comparable among all three treatments.
At 1 day of age, the chicks incubated with 904 had a statistically lower yolk sac contamination rate than those incubated with 904+EDTA-Tris or distilled water.
The 2-wk mortality rates, body weights, feed conversion ratios, yolk sac weights, and yolk sac contamination rates were all similar among the three treatments.
152. |......... 6%De Boever S, Beyaert R, Vandemaele F, Baert K, Duchateau L, Goddeeris B, De Backer P, Croubels S: The influence of age and repeated lipopolysaccharide administration on body temperature and the concentration of interleukin-6 and IgM antibodies against lipopolysaccharide in broiler chickens.Avian Pathol; 2008 Feb;37(1):39-44
[Title] The influence of age and repeated lipopolysaccharide administration on body temperature and the concentration of interleukin-6 and IgM antibodies against lipopolysaccharide in broiler chickens.
Our objective was to create a standardized and reproducible inflammation model in chickens in order to study the pharmacodynamics of several anti-pyretic and anti-inflammatory drugs.
We studied the influence of age and repeated lipopolysaccharide (LPS) administration on body temperature and the correlation of this with concentrations of interleukin-6 and IgM antibodies against LPS in plasma of chickens.
Three-week-old and 5-week-old broilers were injected intravenously with LPS from Escherichia coli O127: B8 at a dose of 1 mg/kg.
LPS administration was repeated after 2 or 7 days.
After the first dose of LPS, the body temperature was initially decreased below normal and then later increased above normal.
The second dose of LPS reduced the level of hypothermia and the duration of the febrile phase.
Three-week-old birds responded to LPS with a higher maximum body temperature and a greater area under the body temperature versus time curve than 5-week-old chickens (P<0.05).
Interleukin-6 reached its highest concentration 3 h after LPS administration and returned to baseline levels after 9 h.
A second dose of LPS resulted in a significantly lower peak in interleukin-6.
Significant higher levels of antibodies against LPS could be detected 7 days after LPS administration.
However, there appeared to be no correlation between the reduced response to LPS and the presence of antibodies.
[MeSH-major] Aging / physiology. Body Temperature / drug effects. Chickens / physiology. Immunoglobulin M / blood. Interleukin-6 / blood. Lipopolysaccharides / administration & dosage. Lipopolysaccharides / immunology
[MeSH-minor] Animals. Female. Male. Time Factors
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[Affiliation] Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, Biochemistry and Organ Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium. sandra.deboever@ugent.be send email
view PubMed record for the above article (PMID = 18202948).
153. |......... 6%Katsunuma Y, Hanazumi M, Fujisaki H, Minato H, Hashimoto Y, Yonemochi C: Influence of avilamycin administration and its subsequent withdrawal on emergence and disappearance of antimicrobial resistance in enterococci in the intestine of broiler chickens.J Appl Microbiol; 2007 Apr;102(4):1159-66
[Title] Influence of avilamycin administration and its subsequent withdrawal on emergence and disappearance of antimicrobial resistance in enterococci in the intestine of broiler chickens.
AIMS: To investigate the influence of avilamycin (AVM) administration and its subsequent withdrawal on the emergence and disappearance of AVM-resistant enterococci in the intestine of broiler chickens.
METHODS AND RESULTS: Five chicks each of C, L and H groups were given the basal diet, the basal diet supplemented with 5 g AVM/ton and the basal diet supplemented with 50 g AVM/ton, respectively.
The AVM-resistant Enterococcus faecalis population did not emerge during 30 days of the AVM administration period, whereas the AVM-resistant Enterococcus faecium with a minimum inhibitory concentration of >512 microg ml(-1) in the faeces of chicks of the L and H groups emerged on 3 and 1 days after the AVM administration, respectively.
Thereafter, the AVM-resistant Ent. faecium population density in both L and H groups maintained high levels during the AVM administration period.
Twenty days after the AVM withdrawal, the AVM-resistant Ent. faecium population disappeared from the intestines of both four of five chicks of L group and three of five chicks of H group.
The AVM-resistant Ent. faecium population density in one chick from each of the groups, L and H, did not change before and after the AVM removal.
CONCLUSIONS: The AVM-resistant Ent. faecium emerged during the AVM administration, and disappeared from the intestine of most chicks after the AVM withdrawal.
However, the AVM-resistant Ent. faecium persisted in some chicks 20 days after AVM withdrawal.
SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: Our results suggest that introducing an AVM withdrawal period could minimize the risk of AVM-resistant Ent. faecium becoming carcass contaminants, and that prudent antibiotic use alone is not sufficient to stem emergence of the AVM-resistant Ent. faecium.
154. |......... 6%Dong XF, Gao WW, Tong JM, Jia HQ, Sa RN, Zhang Q: Effect of polysavone (alfalfa extract) on abdominal fat deposition and immunity in broiler chickens.Poult Sci; 2007 Sep;86(9):1955-9
[Title] Effect of polysavone (alfalfa extract) on abdominal fat deposition and immunity in broiler chickens.
Two hundred 1-day-old male commercial Arbor Acres broiler birds were randomly distributed to a control group and a polysavone group (5 replicates of 20 birds each) to investigate the influence of polysavone, a natural extract from alfalfa, on abdominal fat deposition and immunity in broiler chickens.
Birds in the control group were supplied with a basal diet, and 0.06% polysavone was added to the basal diet of birds in the polysavone group.
Body weight and feed consumption for each replicate were recorded weekly.
At 3, 4, 5, and 6 wk of age, 4 birds from each replicate were randomly selected for blood and organ sampling.
Polysavone had no significant effect on feed intake, BW, or feed:gain ratio in the experimental period, and it decreased the abdominal fat weights at 5 and 6 wk of age.
Polysavone improved (P <0.05) the relative thymus and spleen weights at 6 wk of age and the bursa weights at 4 and 5 wk of age compared with the control group.
At 4 and 6 wk of age, the proliferation of T and B lymphocytes in the polysavone group was significantly greater (P <0.05) than that in the control group.
When birds were 4 and 5 wk of age, polysavone resulted in a significant increase (P <0.05) in serum anti-Newcastle disease virus hemagglutination inhibition antibody titer.
These results showed that polysavone may decrease abdominal fat deposition and enhance immunity without an adverse effect on the performance of broiler chickens.
[MeSH-major] Body Fat Distribution / veterinary. Chickens / immunology. Chickens / metabolism. Medicago sativa / chemistry. Plant Extracts / pharmacology
[MeSH-minor] Animals. Bursa of Fabricius / anatomy & histology. Bursa of Fabricius / drug effects. Cell Proliferation. Lymphocytes / drug effects. Male. Organ Size / drug effects. Spleen / anatomy & histology. Spleen / drug effects. Thymus Gland / anatomy & histology. Thymus Gland / drug effects
[Publication-type] Journal Article; Randomized Controlled Trial; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
[Publication-country] United States
[Chemical-registry-number] 0 / Plant Extracts
155. |......... 6%Takimoto T, Takahashi K, Akiba Y: Effect of dietary supplementation of astaxanthin by Phaffia rhodozyma on lipid peroxidation, drug metabolism and some immunological variables in male broiler chicks fed on diets with or without oxidised fat.Br Poult Sci; 2007 Feb;48(1):90-7
[Title] Effect of dietary supplementation of astaxanthin by Phaffia rhodozyma on lipid peroxidation, drug metabolism and some immunological variables in male broiler chicks fed on diets with or without oxidised fat.
1. Effects of dietary supplementation of astaxanthin (Ax) provided from Phaffia rhodozyma on lipid peroxidation, hepatic drug metabolism, antibody titres to sheep red blood cells (SRBC) and splenocyte proliferation to mitogens were determined in male broiler chicks.
2. Chicks, one week old, were given diets with or without oxidised fat (0 or 3.7 meq of peroxide value (POV)/kg diet) and/or Ax (0 or 100 mg/kg diet) for 14 d, ad libitum.
3. Lipid peroxidation, estimated by 2-thiobarbituric acid reactants values in liver, spleen, heart, plasma and hepatic microsomes, were increased by feeding a diet containing oxidised fat (P<0.05) but were not affected by Ax feeding.
4. Cytochrome P-450 contents in hepatic microsome tended to be increased by feeding Ax.
5. Anti-SRBC titre was not affected by oxidised fat or Ax feeding, while plasma immunogloblin (Ig) G concentration was increased by Ax feeding but was not affected by oxidised fat feeding.
6. When chicks were fed on the diet without oxidised fat, Ax enhanced splenocyte proliferation stimulated by both concanavalin A and pokeweed mitogen, while in chicks fed on a diet containing oxidised fat, Ax reduced the proliferation (P<0.01 for Ax and oxidised fat interaction).
7. The results indicated that dietary supplementation of Ax from Phaffia rhodozyma had an impact on T cell proliferation and Ig G production as a part of acquired immunity, but was not effective in preventing lipid peroxidation in male broiler chicks.
156. |......... 6%Tolkamp BJ, Sandilands V, Kyriazakis I: Effects of qualitative feed restriction during rearing on the performance of broiler breeders during rearing and lay.Poult Sci; 2005 Aug;84(8):1286-93
[Title] Effects of qualitative feed restriction during rearing on the performance of broiler breeders during rearing and lay.
To prevent health and fertility problems associated with excessive weight gain, broiler breeders are severely feed restricted during rearing, which may affect welfare.
We compared the effects of an experimental ad libitum feeding regimen based on qualitative restriction of food intake with conventional quantitative food restriction on the performance of female broiler breeders during rearing and lay.
During rearing up to 20 wk of age, control birds were fed restricted amounts of standard broiler breeder mash once daily.
Experimental birds had ad libitum access to the same standard mash mixed with 400 g of oat hulls/kg of feed and increasing concentrations of Ca propionate, an appetite suppressant.
Mean total mash intake during rearing was 8.12 kg and did not differ between treatments.
Both control and experimental birds showed an almost linear growth curve, treatment mean body weights were always within 100 g of the target weight line, and treatments did not differ for body weight uniformity.
Groups were subjected to the same quantitative feed restriction from during lay.
Feeding regimen during rearing did not affect number of eggs produced, egg weight, or egg quality up to 46 wk of age.
We concluded that it may not be necessary to subject chicks to severe quantitative feed restriction to achieve desirable growth curves and body weight uniformity during rearing.
Qualitative restriction of feed intake can achieve desirable growth curves in ad libitum fed chicks during rearing, and such a feeding regimen does not have negative effects on hen performance during lay.
[Affiliation] Animal Nutrition and Health Department, Scottish Agricultural College, West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JG, United Kingdom. Bert.Tolkamp@sac.ac.uk send email
view PubMed record for the above article (PMID = 16156213).
157. |......... 6%Shafey TM, Al-Batshan HA, Ghannam MM: Effects of electrical field on hatchability performance of eggs from a layer-type breeder.Br Poult Sci; 2007 Apr;48(2):145-53
[Title] Effects of electrical field on hatchability performance of eggs from a layer-type breeder.
1. Eggs from a layer-type breeder flock (Baladi, King Saud University) between 50 and 63 weeks of age were used in three trials to study the effects of electrical field (EF) during incubation on albumen and yolk heights, incubation temperature, egg weight loss and hatchability traits.
The effects of egg size and eggshell characteristics on hatchability traits of eggs incubated under EF were investigated.
2. Eggs were weighed and graded into three weight classes (small, medium, and large).
The physical dimensions, eggshell characteristics, and conductance of eggs were examined.
The incubator was divided into two compartments for the control and EF treatments.
Two aluminium plates were fitted on the inside walls of the EF compartment, face to face, and connected to a step up electric transformer.
Eggs were exposed constantly to the EF during the first 18 d of incubation at the level of 30 kV/m, 60 Hz.
3. Egg size influenced the physical dimensions and eggshell characteristics of eggs.
Large eggs had higher egg weight, egg surface area, egg volume, eggshell conductance, and eggshell weight and lower yolk weight percentage than medium or small size eggs.
Small eggs had lower egg length and higher egg density than large or medium size eggs.
Large eggs had higher eggshell thickness than small size eggs.
4. EF incubation of eggs raised incubation temperature by 0.06 degrees C, and increased the percentage of egg weight loss, hatchability, and weight of hatching chicks and reduced the early embryo deaths, and length of incubation by approximately 9.8, 19.6, 1.7, 62.1 and 2.1%, respectively.
5. There was no significant difference between the two incubation treatments in the heights of albumen and yolk of incubated eggs, percentages of late embryo deaths, and pips with live and dead embryos.
Hatchability traits were not significantly influenced by egg size.
6. It was concluded that EF incubation of eggs increased hatchability, chick-hatching weight, and reduced the length of incubation of Baladi eggs.
Differences in the physical dimensions and eggshell characteristics of eggs did not influence hatchability traits of eggs under EF incubation.
[Publication-type] Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
[Publication-country] England
[Chemical-registry-number] 0 / Albumins
158. |......... 6%Laisney MJ, Gillard MO, Salvat G: Influence of bird strain on competitive exclusion of Campylobacter jejuni in young chicks.Br Poult Sci; 2004 Feb;45(1):49-54
[Title] Influence of bird strain on competitive exclusion of Campylobacter jejuni in young chicks.
1. Newly hatched chicks of either layer or broiler strain were treated orally at regular intervals with either homologous or heterologous gut-flora preparations from young donor birds, in an attempt to prevent subsequent colonisation with Campylobacter jejuni by 'competitive exclusion' (CE).
2. Donors of 3 to 10 d of age were chosen to correspond with the period in which intensively reared poultry are least likely to become colonised with Campylobacter.
3. In two separate trials, material from donor layer hens (ISA Brown) protected male chicks of the same strain against a low (195 to 360 cfu/bird) Campylobacter challenge, but the same kind of material was ineffective when administered to chicks of a broiler strain (JA957).
4. Two further trials involved treatment preparations from young broilers, which failed to prevent Campylobacter colonisation of broiler chicks, even when colonisation occurred relatively slowly from a challenge of 90 to 94 cfu/bird.
5. It was concluded that any CE effect observed was strongly dependent on bird strain.
159. |......... 6%Riek A, Gerken M, Werner C, Gonde A: Deuterium for estimating total body water and turnover rates in turkeys exposed to different incubation treatments.Poult Sci; 2008 Dec;87(12):2624-8
[Title] Deuterium for estimating total body water and turnover rates in turkeys exposed to different incubation treatments.
Total water intake (TWI) in poultry can be influenced by various factors.
Recommendations for water requirements are usually reported on a flock basis without considering individual variation.
In the present study, a total of 18 turkeys were used to measure water intake over a 1-wk period starting at 15 wk of age by applying the deuterium dilution technique.
Poults originated from eggs exposed to different incubation treatments, with eggs incubated at normal temperature (37.5 degrees C) and eggs subjected to 38.5 degrees C at embryonic d 9 to 12.
Experimental birds were kept in flocks of 22 to 30 birds separated by sex and treatment.
Feed and water were provided ad libitum.
Incubation treatment had no significant effect on any of the parameters investigated (BW, daily gain, water turnover rate, total body water, TWI), whereas sex exerted a significant effect on nearly all traits.
Total body water ranged between 60 and 65% of BW, with significantly (P < 0.05) greater values for toms (63.2%) than for hens (60.9%).
Males had approximately 30% greater water influxes than females (1,054 +/- 198 vs. 742 +/- 153 mL/d, mean +/- SD).
However, the significant influence of sex was eliminated (P = 0.464) when TWI was expressed as grams per kilogram of BW (76 +/- 18 vs. 70 +/- 12 mL/kg of BW; males vs. females).
Water consumed averaged 837 mL in male and 569 mL per day in female birds.
The present results suggest that the isotope dilution method offers a viable method to measure individual water intake, which can be used for establishing reference values for water consumption in group-housed turkeys.
[MeSH-major] Deuterium. Turkeys / physiology. Water / metabolism
[MeSH-minor] Aging / physiology. Animals. Body Composition. Female. Male. Sex Characteristics. Temperature
[Affiliation] Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics, University of Göttingen, Albrecht-Thaer-Weg 3, 37075 Göttingen, Germany. ariek@gwdg.de send email
view PubMed record for the above article (PMID = 19038819).
160. |......... 6%Mourão JL, Pinheiro VM, Prates JA, Bessa RJ, Ferreira LM, Fontes CM, Ponte PI: Effect of dietary dehydrated pasture and citrus pulp on the performance and meat quality of broiler chickens.Poult Sci; 2008 Apr;87(4):733-43
[Title] Effect of dietary dehydrated pasture and citrus pulp on the performance and meat quality of broiler chickens.
Some feedstuffs containing significant levels of fiber may be a good source of bioactive compounds that may contribute to improving broiler meat quality.
However, high fiber level can have a negative impact on broiler performance.
A study was undertaken to investigate the impact of incorporating citrus pulp (5 or 10%) or dehydrated pasture (5 or 10%) on the performance, carcass yield, and characteristics of broiler chickens.
A diet containing neither citrus pulp nor dehydrated pasture was used as control.
The results on growth performances showed that daily weight gain was reduced by 26% in birds of the 10% citrus pulp treatment (P<0.05).
Compared with the control treatment, increases in feed intake occurred in birds consuming diets with 5 or 10% citrus pulp, which resulted in significantly higher feed conversion rates with the 10% level.
Under the same incorporation rate, dehydrated pasture had effects less evident on the performances of broiler chicken.
In addition, diets containing citrus pulp, displaying higher percentages of soluble nonstarch polysaccharides, increased small intestine relative length, and reduced carcass yield.
Inclusion of 10% dehydrated pasture in diets resulted in improved breast skin yellowness (P<0.05).
Finally, the results revealed that incorporation of the nonstarch polysaccharide-rich feedstuffs had a major impact on the fatty acid profile (affected 16 of 21 fatty acids) of broiler meat.
Polyunsaturated fatty acids content in meat was higher in birds consuming the highest levels of both citrus pulp and dehydrated pasture, leading to increased ratios of polyunsaturated to saturated fatty acids.
Together, the results suggest that incorporation of moderate levels of dehydrated pastures in poultry diets has a minor impact on broiler performance and can contribute significantly to improve breast skin yellowness and fatty acid composition of meat.
[Affiliation] Centro de Ciência Aninmal e Veterinaria--Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Apartado 1013, 5000-911 Vila Real, Portugal. jlmourao@utad.pt send email
view PubMed record for the above article (PMID = 18339996).
161. |......... 6%Klein S, Grossmann R: Primary sex ratio in fertilized chicken eggs (Gallus gallus domesticus) depends on reproductive age and selection.J Exp Zool A Ecol Genet Physiol; 2008 Jan 1;309(1):35-46
[Title] Primary sex ratio in fertilized chicken eggs (Gallus gallus domesticus) depends on reproductive age and selection.
Recent studies of several avian species have shown that the primary sex ratio can change as a result of prevailing conditions, especially in the female bird's first reproductive season.
In this study, we sought to determine the primary sex ratio of the first 15 eggs produced in chickens.
The study compared chickens which had been commercially selected over many generations for egg-laying performance (Leghorns) with "fancy-bred" chickens selected for feather coloration.
These fancy-bred chickens are known to reach reproductive maturity 4 weeks later than Leghorns.
A group of precociously matured Leghorn chickens was produced by modification of diet and day length to investigate the effect of age at reproductive maturity on sex ratio.
Sex diagnosis was performed on embryos which had died on or before embryonic day 10 by polymerase chain reaction (PCR).
Living embryos were allowed to hatch before sex diagnosis.
The group of precociously matured White Leghorns reached egg-laying age 3 weeks earlier than normal.
In this group, the sex ratio of hatched chicks was in tendency skewed to females.
In the White Leghorns maintained under normal conditions for commercial layers, sex ratio was balanced with a tendency to more males only in the first five eggs.
In the group of fancy-bred chickens, the primary sex ratio was significantly biased toward more males and dependent on the laying sequence.
Our data suggested a sex ratio bias toward males in the very first eggs at onset of reproduction in chickens depending on genetic background.
[Affiliation] Department of Functional Genomics and Bioregulation, Institute for Animal Science Mariensee, Federal Agricultural Research Centre, Neustadt, Germany. sabine.klein@fal.de send email
view PubMed record for the above article (PMID = 18030680).
[Journal-full-title] Journal of experimental zoology. Part A, Ecological genetics and physiology
[ISO-abbreviation] J Exp Zool A Ecol Genet Physiol
[Language] eng
[Publication-type] Journal Article
[Publication-country] United States
162. |......... 6%Rafacz-Livingston KA, Martinez-Amezcua C, Parsons CM, Baker DH, Snow J: Citric acid improves phytate phosphorus utilization in crossbred and commercial broiler chicks.Poult Sci; 2005 Sep;84(9):1370-5
[Title] Citric acid improves phytate phosphorus utilization in crossbred and commercial broiler chicks.
Previous research in our laboratory has shown that citric acid (CA) improves phytate P utilization in New Hampshire x Columbian (NHC) crossbred chicks fed a P-deficient corn-soybean meal diet.
The current study was conducted to determine if CA is also effective in commercial broiler chicks (Ross x Ross).
In 3 experiments, 4 replicate groups of 5 male NHC chicks and male commercial chicks were fed corn-soybean meal diets varying in CA and nonphytate P (NPP) from 8 to 22 d of age.
In experiment 1, a 2 x 2 x 2 factorial treatment arrangement was used to evaluate the effect of 2 levels of CA (0 and 3%) and NPP (0.13 and 0.28%) in NHC chicks and commercial chicks.
The commercial chicks, but not the NHC chicks, fed the 0.13% NPP diet had to be removed from the experiment after 3 to 5 d due to very poor growth and severe leg problems.
Chick weight gain and tibia ash were significantly increased (P < 0.05) by CA in both types of chicks.
In experiment 2, the same 2 x 2 x 2 factorial treatment arrangement was again used except that the NPP levels were 0.18 and 0.28%.
Tibia ash was increased significantly (P < 0.05) with the addition of CA in both breeds of chicks; response was greater at 0.18% NPP than at 0.28% NPP.
In experiment 3, graded levels of CA (0, 1, 2, 3, and 4%) were evaluated in commercial chicks fed diets containing 0.18% NPP.
Tibia ash increased linearly (P < 0.05) as CA increased from 0 to 4%.
The average increase in bone ash resulting from 3% CA supplementation in experiments 2 and 3 was 41%.
These results indicate that CA markedly improved phytate P utilization in NHC and Ross x Ross commercial broiler chicks.
163. |......... 6%Jafari RA, Jalali MR, Ghorbanpoor M, Saraei SM: Effect of dietary garlic on immune response of broiler chicks to live Newcastle Disease vaccine.Pak J Biol Sci; 2008 Jul 15;11(14):1848-51
[Title] Effect of dietary garlic on immune response of broiler chicks to live Newcastle Disease vaccine.
This study was designed to determine the effect of garlic powder on humoral immune response of broilers against NDV (Newcastle Disease Virus) vaccine.
Two hundred and forty, two-day-old, Ross chicks were randomly assigned into 4 groups of 60 birds each.
Chicks in groups 1 and 2 were given control mash diet during the experiment (6 week), but those in groups 3 and 4 were fed on control diet supplemented with 1 and 3% garlic powder, respectively.
All groups except number 1 were vaccinated by eye-drop with B1 strain (Pestikal, Croatia) at 9 and 18 days of age.
Ten blood samples were taken from each group on days 0, 14, 24 and 34 after first vaccination.
The serum antibody level against NDV was measured by both HI and ELISA tests.
The EDTA-mixed blood samples were examined for total and differential leukocyte count.
The results showed that antibody titers in vaccinated chicks were significantly more than in non-vaccinated chicks (p < 0.05), but not influenced by the diet (p > 0.05).
A significant increase of total leukocyte and percentage of lymphocytes was observed in vaccinated chicks 14 days after vaccination, but there were no difference (p > 0.05) among vaccinated groups.
It is concluded that inclusion of garlic powder to the diet of broilers don't have any beneficial effect on humoral immune response to live NDV vaccine.
[Journal-full-title] Pakistan journal of biological sciences: PJBS
[ISO-abbreviation] Pak. J. Biol. Sci.
[Language] eng
[Publication-type] Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
[Publication-country] Pakistan
[Chemical-registry-number] 0 / Viral Vaccines
164. |......... 6%Niu Z, Liu F, Yan Q, Li L: Effects of different levels of selenium on growth performance and immunocompetence of broilers under heat stress.Arch Anim Nutr; 2009 Feb;63(1):56-65
[Title] Effects of different levels of selenium on growth performance and immunocompetence of broilers under heat stress.
An experiment was undertaken to evaluate the effect of dietary selenium (Se) levels on growth performance and immune competence of broilers under heat stress.
Birds were raised in either a thermoneutral (TN, 23.9 degrees C constant) or heat stress conditions (HS, 23.9 degrees C to 38 degrees C cycling) and were fed a corn-soybean meal basal diet supplemented with Se at 0, 0.2 and 0.4 mg/kg.
A total of 240 one-day-old male broiler chicks were randomly assigned to six groups; each group had four replicates of 10 birds.
Body weight and feed intake were not influenced by dietary Se, while feed conversion was significantly improved by a Se-supplementation of 0.2 mg/kg.
HS significantly reduced body weight, feed intake and feed conversion.
Numbers of abdominal exudate cells (AEC), percentage of macrophages in AEC, phagocytic macrophages, internalized opsonised and unopsonised sheep red blood cells (SRBC) were significantly increased by dietary Se.
Both primary and secondary antibody responses were characterised by increasing titres of antibody to SRBC by dietary Se when birds were exposed to HS (p < 0.05).
Lymphoid organ weights, antibody responses, incidence of macrophages in AEC, and phagocytic ability of macrophages were also significantly reduced under HS.
These results indicated that HS severely reduced growth performance and immunocompetence of broilers, whereas the immune response of broilers improved by dietary Se supplementation under HS.
[MeSH-minor] Animal Feed. Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena. Animals. Dose-Response Relationship, Drug. Eating. Energy Intake / drug effects. Energy Intake / physiology. Exudates and Transudates / cytology. Hot Temperature. Male. Organ Size. Phagocytosis. Random Allocation. Weight Gain
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165. |......... 6%Xia MS, Hu CH, Xu ZR: Effects of copper-bearing montmorillonite on growth performance, digestive enzyme activities, and intestinal microflora and morphology of male broilers.Poult Sci; 2004 Nov;83(11):1868-75
[Title] Effects of copper-bearing montmorillonite on growth performance, digestive enzyme activities, and intestinal microflora and morphology of male broilers.
Avian commercial male broiler chicks (n = 240), 1 d of age, were used to investigate the effects of copper-bearing montmorillonite (Cu-MMT) on growth performance, digestive enzyme activities, and intestinal microflora and morphology.
The chicks were allocated to 4 treatments, each of which had 5 pens of 12 chicks per pen.
The 4 treatments were basal diet only (control group), basal diet + 1.5 g/kg montmorillonite (MMT), basal diet + 36.75 mg/kg Cu, in the form of CuSO4, and basal diet + 1.5 g/kg Cu-MMT.
The results showed that supplementation with Cu-MMT significantly improved growth performance compared with the control diet, and that chicks fed with Cu-MMT had higher average daily gain (ADG) than those fed with MMT or CuSO4.
Supplementation with Cu-MMT significantly reduced the total viable counts of Escherichia coli and Clostridium in the small intestine and cecum.
Supplementation with MMT or CuSO4 had no influence on intestinal microflora.
Chicks fed with Cu-MMT had lower viable counts of E. coli in cecal contents than those fed with MMT or CuSO4.
The addition of either MMT or Cu-MMT to the diet improved the activities of total protease, amylase, and lipase in the small intestinal contents but had no effect on those in the pancreas.
Morphological measurements of the small intestinal mucosa of chicks indicated that dietary addition of MMT or Cu-MMT improved intestinal mucosal morphology.
166. |......... 6%Bilcik B, Estevez I, Russek-Cohen E: Reproductive success of broiler breeders in natural mating systems: the effect of male-male competition, sperm quality, and morphological characteristics.Poult Sci; 2005 Sep;84(9):1453-62
[Title] Reproductive success of broiler breeders in natural mating systems: the effect of male-male competition, sperm quality, and morphological characteristics.
In natural mating systems in which broiler breeder males compete for females, reproductive behavior plays an important role in male fertility, along with sperm competition and morphological and physiological characteristics.
We investigated the effect of male-male competition compared with a noncompetitive situation on fertility, sperm quality, and morphological traits.
Six groups of 3 males and 12 females were housed in mixed-sex pens.
Their frequency of mating was recorded, and progeny of each male was determined through DNA fingerprinting.
Males with the highest and the lowest mating frequencies were later placed into groups of 1 male and 4 females, their behavior was recorded, and their fertility was calculated.
We collected data on semen quality (semen volume, sperm concentration, and mobility) and morphometrical characters.
Finally, females were artificially inseminated with sperm from highest frequency, lowest frequency, or a mix, paternity and fertility were estimated.
Our results indicate that heavier males had higher frequency of matings without cloacal contact, and males with smaller combs had more mating attempts.
We also detected that males with high sperm concentration had lower fertility.
However, we found an overall lack of association between mating behavior, morphometrical traits, sperm quality, and fertility.
This, together with the discrepancy of results in fertility when compared with artificial insemination conditions, suggest a multifactorial nature of the fertility of broiler breeder males in natural mating systems.
In addition we observed a high male fertility when housed individually, suggesting that male fertility is a relative parameter that depends upon the reproductive quality of the other male competitors within the group.
[Publication-type] Journal Article; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.
[Publication-country] United States
167. |......... 6%Huang YL, Lu L, Luo XG, Liu B: An optimal dietary zinc level of broiler chicks fed a corn-soybean meal diet.Poult Sci; 2007 Dec;86(12):2582-9
[Title] An optimal dietary zinc level of broiler chicks fed a corn-soybean meal diet.
An experiment was conducted to estimate the optimal dietary zinc level for broiler chicks fed a corn-soybean meal diet.
A total of 384 one-day-old male broiler chicks were assigned randomly to dietary treatments for 21 d.
These treatments included a basal corn-soybean meal diet (28.32 mg of Zn/kg) supplemented with 0, 20, 40, 60, 80, 100, 120, or 140 mg of Zn/kg in the form of reagent-grade ZnSO(4).7H(2)O.
All treatments were replicated 6 times using 8 chicks per pen.
Tissue Zn concentration, Zn metalloenzyme activity, metallothionein (MT) concentration, MT mRNA level, and Zn transporter-2 (ZnT-2) mRNA level were analyzed for choosing suitable criterion to determine the optimal dietary Zn level for broilers.
Regression analysis was performed to estimate optimal dietary Zn level in the presence of quadratic or asymptotic responses.
Results showed that weight gain and feed intake were increased with dietary Zn level (P < 0.05), and the maximum weight gain and feed intake were observed in the diet supplemented with 20 mg of Zn/kg (48.37 mg/kg, total dietary Zn).
Pancreas MT and MT mRNA increased linearly with Zn supplementation.
According to the asymptotic model, the optimal Zn requirement of chicks from hatch to 21 d of age was 59.15 mg/kg for pancreas Zn and 61.70 mg/kg for bone Zn respectively.
Quadratic responses were exhibited by serum 5'-nucleotidase activity and pancreas Zn transporter-2 mRNA level, resulting in total optimal dietary levels of 80.50 and 84.09 mg/kg, respectively.
Based on results from this study, the optimal dietary Zn level of chicks from hatch to 21 d of age is 84 mg/kg.
168. |......... 6%Fasenko GM, O'Dea Christopher EE, McMullen LM: Spraying hatching eggs with electrolyzed oxidizing water reduces eggshell microbial load without compromising broiler production parameters.Poult Sci; 2009 May;88(5):1121-7
[Title] Spraying hatching eggs with electrolyzed oxidizing water reduces eggshell microbial load without compromising broiler production parameters.
An experiment was conducted to determine whether spraying hatching eggs with electrolyzed oxidizing (EO) water would decrease eggshell microbial load and hence improve hatchability, chick quality, and broiler growth performance.
Eggs were collected from a broiler breeder flock; half the eggs were sprayed with EO water and the other half were left untreated.
Enterobacteriaceae and total aerobic bacteria present on the eggshells of eggs from both treatments were enumerated.
The eggs were incubated, and the broiler chicks were grown out to 39 d.
Eggshell microbial load was significantly decreased by spraying the eggs with acidic EO water before incubation, with no effect on cuticle structure [as measured by egg weight (moisture) loss], normal embryonic development, and hatchability.
Chick quality, as determined by visual assessment and BW at the time of hatch, was also not affected.
However, broiler mortality during the first 2 wk of the production period was significantly reduced in the chicks that hatched from eggs sprayed with EO water compared with chicks hatching from control eggs.
The ability of EO water to reduce eggshell microbial load without negatively affecting hatchability or chick quality may make it a useful product for hatching egg sanitation.
[Affiliation] Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. gaylene.fasenko@ualberta.ca send email
view PubMed record for the above article (PMID = 19359703).
[Publication-type] Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
[Publication-country] United States
[Chemical-registry-number] 0 / Oxidants; 7732-18-5 / Water
169. |......... 6%Daneshyar M, Kermanshahi H, Golian A: Changes of biochemical parameters and enzyme activities in broiler chickens with cold-induced ascites.Poult Sci; 2009 Jan;88(1):106-10
[Title] Changes of biochemical parameters and enzyme activities in broiler chickens with cold-induced ascites.
An experiment with 250 one-day-old male broilers (Ross 308) was conducted to investigate the differences of some blood parameters of cold-induced ascitic and healthy broiler chicks in a 6-wk period.
The chickens were divided into 2 groups of 5 replicates each.
One group of these chickens was raised in normal temperature (NT) treatment and the other in cold temperature (CT) treatment to induce ascites.
Mortality was necropsied daily to determine cause of death.
At the end of the experiment (wk 6), 5 chickens from each replicate were randomly selected and slaughtered.
The heart was removed; the right ventricle was dissected away from the left ventricle and septum.
Weights of right and left ventricles were determined separately.
Average BW gain and average feed intake were measured weekly, and weekly average feed conversion ratio was calculated.
Serum glucose, total protein, cholesterol, triglyceride, activity of lactate dehydrogenase, as-partate aminotransferase, and alanine aminotransferase were determined.
Throughout the study, the right ventricle-to-total ventricle ratio and total mortality percentage due to ascites of CT-treated birds at the end of experiment was greater (P < or = 0.05) than those of NT-treated ones.
Fasting blood sugar of CT-treated birds in wk 4 and 6 was greater (P < or = 0.05) than NT-treated birds.
Total blood protein of CT treatment was lower than NT-treated birds in every week and whole period, but this difference was only significant (P < or = 0.05) in wk 6.
There was not a significant difference between 2 treatments for triglyceride and cholesterol, lactate dehydrogenase, aspartate aminotransferase, and alanine aminotransferase.
It was concluded that cold-induced ascites could affect serum protein and fasting blood sugar of broiler chickens.
170. |......... 6%Atteh JO, Onagbesan OM, Tona K, Decuypere E, Geuns JM, Buyse J: Evaluation of supplementary stevia (Stevia rebaudiana, bertoni) leaves and stevioside in broiler diets: effects on feed intake, nutrient metabolism, blood parameters and growth performance.J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl); 2008 Dec;92(6):640-9
[Title] Evaluation of supplementary stevia (Stevia rebaudiana, bertoni) leaves and stevioside in broiler diets: effects on feed intake, nutrient metabolism, blood parameters and growth performance.
A perennial schrub, stevia, and its extracts are used as a natural sweetener and have been shown to possess antimicrobial properties.
Stevia contains high levels of sweetening glycosides including stevioside which is thought to possess antimicrobial and antifungal properties.
Little is known about the nutritional value of the schrub in livestock.
This study determined the potential use of the shrub as a prebiotic animal feed supplement in light of the recent ban on the use of antibiotics in animal feed and the role of its constituent stevioside in the effects of the shrub.
Male Cobb broiler chicks were fed a basal broiler diet without antibiotic but with performance enhancing enzyme mix (positive control), a basal diet without antibiotic and enzymes (negative control), or diets in which 2% of the negative control diet was replaced with either dried ground stevia leaves or 130 ppm pure stevioside during 2 week starter and 2 week grower periods.
Body weight gains, feed conversion, abdominal fat deposition, plasma hormone and metabolites and caecal short chain fatty acids (SCFA) were measured in the broilers at 2 and 4 weeks of age.
There was no significant effect of the treatments on feed intake during the starter period but birds fed diet supplemented with stevia leaves and stevioside consumed more feed (p < 0.05) than those fed the positive control diet during the grower period.
Weight gain by birds fed the positive control and stevioside diets was higher (p < 0.05) than those fed other diets only during the starter period.
Feed/gain ratio of birds fed the positive control and stevioside diets was superior (p < 0.05) to others.
There was no effect of the treatments on nutrient retention and water content of the excreta.
Dietary stevia leave and stevioside decreased total concentration of SCFA and changed their profile in the ceca.
There was no effect of the treatments on pancreas weight.
Dietary stevia reduced blood levels of glucose, triglycerides and triiodothyronine (T(3)) but had no effect on non-esterified fatty acids.
In contrast, stevioside only decreased T(3).
Both the stevia leaves and stevioside diets significantly increased abdominal fat content.
It is concluded that dietary enzyme growth promoters are beneficial to the broilers only during the starter stage and that inclusion of stevia leaves or stevioside has no beneficial effect on the performance of broilers.
171. |......... 6%Leone EH, Estévez I: Economic and welfare benefits of environmental enrichment for broiler breeders.Poult Sci; 2008 Jan;87(1):14-21
[Title] Economic and welfare benefits of environmental enrichment for broiler breeders.
Designs to enrich the environment are crucial in the effort to fully address the biological needs of domestic animals.
Although enrichment programs have been shown to improve health and welfare, little is known of their potential for application to commercial broiler breeder environments.
We investigated the potential benefits of cover panels for broiler breeder reproductive performance in a commercial setting.
This demonstration trial occurred on 5 commercial broiler breeder farms, each with a control and panel treatment room containing approximately 7,000 females and 800 males.
Reproductive performance was measured from 25 to 60 wk by the number of eggs laid per female per week as well as weekly fertility and hatchability rates.
The location of marked males was recorded weekly to quantify male movement.
Access to cover panels improved egg production by 2.1% and maintained better hatchability and fertility throughout the breeding cycle (significant interactions of age and panel treatment) leading to an additional 4.5 chicks/female.
Male home ranges, based on minimum convex polygons, were larger in the enriched (259 +/- 24.4 m(2)) vs. control flocks (184 +/- 23.1 m(2)).
Providing enrichment in the form of cover panels improved reproductive performance, most likely by increasing males' mating opportunities and reducing female stress.
We found a clear economic benefit to providing enrichment, an estimated $3 million if all breeder houses within the participating company were outfitted with the panels.
These results demonstrate that environmental enrichment is not only beneficial for broiler breeder welfare, but can also be economically advantageous, resulting in a win-win situation for poultry welfare and production.
172. |......... 6%Corzo A, Kidd MT, Burnham DJ, Kerr BJ: Dietary glycine needs of broiler chicks.Poult Sci; 2004 Aug;83(8):1382-4
[Title] Dietary glycine needs of broiler chicks.
Dietary Gly might become a limiting factor in all-vegetable diets fed to broiler chicks when low CP is formulated in combination with marginal levels of dietary Thr and Ser.
A study was conducted to evaluate dietary Gly needs of broiler chicks.
Day-old Ross 508 male chicks were placed in 32 floor pens (15 chicks/pen).
Chicks were fed a common prestarter diet from 0 to 7 d of age and then fed a diet that contained progressive amounts of dietary Gly ranging from 0.62 to 1.22% from 7 to 20 d of age.
Treatment effects were observed for weight gain and feed conversion.
Chicks responded in a quadratic manner to supplementation with dietary Gly.
The dietary Gly level necessary to support maximum growth and feed conversion for the chick from 7 to 20 d of age was estimated to be at 0.98 (1.76% Gly + Ser) and 1.02% (1.80% Gly + Ser), respectively.
Plasma Thr and Ser were unaffected by Gly supplementation, but plasma free Gly increased linearly.
Dietary Gly may need to be considered as a limiting nutrient in early nutrition, especially if CP is low, and only vegetable ingredients are being used.
173. |......... 6%Vicente JL, Torres-Rodriguez A, Higgins SE, Pixley C, Tellez G, Donoghue AM, Hargis BM: Effect of a selected Lactobacillus spp.-based probiotic on Salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis-infected broiler chicks.Avian Dis; 2008 Mar;52(1):143-6
[Title] Effect of a selected Lactobacillus spp.-based probiotic on Salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis-infected broiler chicks.
The effect of a Lactobacillus spp.
-based probiotic (FM-B11) on Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis (SE) recovery was evaluated in liquid (Expt.
1) and lyophilized (Expt.
2) forms in two separate experiments with two trials each.
For each trial, 80 broiler chicks were randomly allocated into two treatments: control and probiotic culture.
All chicks were challenged with SE (approximately 10(4) colony-forming units [cfu]) upon arrival at our laboratory.
In both experiments, probiotic culture was administered in the drinking water for 3 consecutive days at a final concentration of approximately 10(6) cfu/ml, beginning 1 hr after SE challenge.
Cecal tonsils were aseptically removed at 24 and 72 hr postchallenge, followed by enrichment and plating on xylose lactose deoxycholate (XLD) agar for the presence or absence of Salmonella-typical colonies. In Expt.
1, a significant reduction (P < 0.05) in SE-positive samples was observed in both trials at 24 and 72 hr postchallenge.
Additionally, in Expt.
2, the lyophilized probiotic decreased (P < 0.05) SE recovery at both 24 and 72 hr postchallenge compared with the control group in trial 1.
In trial 2, SE evaluation was performed only at 72 hr after challenge and fewer (P < 0.001) treated samples were positive for SE.
Results showed that application of either liquid or lyophilized probiotic culture in the drinking water for 3 consecutive days can help to reduce SE recovery from young birds, although further research is needed to elucidate the mechanism of this response.
174. |......... 6%Gary RE Jr, Cannon JW 3rd, Foster WA: Effect of sugar on male Anopheles gambiae mating performance, as modified by temperature, space, and body size.Parasit Vectors; 2009;2(1):19
[Title] Effect of sugar on male Anopheles gambiae mating performance, as modified by temperature, space, and body size.
ABSTRACT: BACKGROUND: Anopheles gambiae plant-sugar feeding was thought to be rare and physiologically optional.
Unlike adult females, males have no alternative source of energy and soon die with only water, yet they might be competent to inseminate all females within their brief lifespan.
This study was designed to detect sugar's effect, if any, on male performance.
METHODS: Males with and without 20% sucrose were evaluated at two body sizes and two temperatures, 23 degrees and 27 degrees C.
Survival was recorded twice daily, and sexual behaviour was recorded each night after adult emergence.
Insemination at a 2:1 male:female ratio was examined in three cage sizes, including walk-in mesocosms.
RESULTS: Without sugar, males of both sizes lived longer at 23 degrees than 27 degrees C, and large males lived longer at each temperature.
Survival of large males at low temperature averaged 3.7 days, small males at high temperature, 1.9 days.
With sugar, males in all four treatments suffered minimal mortality.
With sugar, in small cages, large males at 27 degrees C matured most rapidly.
A few erected fibrillae and inseminated females on night 1.
On night 2, maximal proportions erected fibrillae and swarmed, and over one-third of females became inseminated.
Small sugar-fed males at 23 degrees C matured most slowly but had achieved nearly maximal levels of swarming by night 3.
By night 5, small males had inseminated more than half the females, and large males had inseminated nearly all of them.
Without sugar, large males progressed similarly during the first two nights.
On night 3, however, the proportion erecting fibrillae and swarming declined precipitously at 27 degrees C, and to a lesser degree at 23 degrees C.
Cumulative insemination never reached high levels.
Small males never achieved high levels of fibrillar erection or swarming and inseminated few females, even at 23 degrees C.
In larger cages and under more semi-natural conditions, regardless of body size, without sugar male insemination capacity was virtually nonexistent.
CONCLUSION: Under some conditions, a limited number of sugar-deprived males can survive long enough to inseminate females.
However, in nature males that cannot obtain sugar at frequent intervals will not be competitive with those that can, suggesting that male performance is closely tied to plant communities.
[Affiliation] Department of Entomology, Aronoff Laboratory, 318 West 12th Avenue, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA, 43210-1242. foster.13@osu.edu. send email
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175. |......... 6%Corzo A, Moran ET Jr, Hoehler D, Lemmell A: Dietary tryptophan need of broiler males from forty-two to fifty-six days of age.Poult Sci; 2005 Feb;84(2):226-31
[Title] Dietary tryptophan need of broiler males from forty-two to fifty-six days of age.
Tryptophan requirements of broiler males from 42 to 56 d of age were studied.
Ross x Ross 308 chicks were placed in an open-sided house, and provided common starter and grower diets from 0 to 42 d of age.
Subsequently, a corn, soybean meal, corn gluten meal, and gelatin combination of feedstuffs provided 0.12% Trp to which 0.04% increments of L-Trp were supplemented at the expense of an isonitrogenous amount of L-Glu to 0.24%.
Birds that received diets containing 0.12% Trp exhibited aberrant behavior based on the spillage of considerable amounts of feed from the trough and contamination of adjacent waterers with floor litter.
There were reductions in body weight gain, feed conversion, and carcass and breast fillets weights and yields with dietary Trp at 0.12%, but these were not affected at Trp levels at or above 0.16%.
Exponential regression analyses showed that body weight gain improved as Trp increased, with maximum overall performance being attained at 0.17%, whereas chilled carcass weight maximized at 0.16% dietary Trp.
Nitrogen retention measured using the same experimental feeds and sample birds at 48 to 49 d of age was unaffected by dietary Trp.
Plasma uric acid, albumin, total protein, and aspartate-transferase measured concurrently with nitrogen retention were not altered; however, blood glucose was reduced in broilers fed 0.12% dietary Trp.
Overall results suggest that broiler males need approximately 0.17% dietary Trp between 42 and 56 d of age, which closely agrees with the NRC (1994) recommendation of 0.16% Trp estimated from modeling for this feeding period.
[Affiliation] Department of Poultry Science, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi 39762, USA. acorzo@poultry.msstate.edu send email
view PubMed record for the above article (PMID = 15742958).
176. |......... 6%Hassan SM, Siam AA, Mady ME, Cartwright AL: Incubation temperature for ostrich (Struthio camelus) eggs.Poult Sci; 2004 Mar;83(3):495-9
[Title] Incubation temperature for ostrich (Struthio camelus) eggs.
The impact of incubation temperature on egg weight loss, embryonic mortality, incubation period, hatchability, and chick weight in 394 ostrich (Struthio camelus) eggs was studied.
Eggs were obtained from 3 farms in Texas.
Three incubation temperatures (36.5, 37.0, or 37.5 degrees C) with relative humidity ranging from 20 to 30% were used.
Results showed that incubation of fertile eggs at 36.5 degrees C increased hatchability and incubation period in comparison with other treatments.
The incidence of dead in shell and total dead embryos was increased at 37.5 degrees C when compared with 36.5 degrees C.
No differences in hatchability, incubation period, dead-in-shell embryos, and total dead embryos were observed between eggs incubated at 37.0 or 37.5 degrees C.
Neither chick weight nor egg weight loss at 7, 14, 28, or 38 d of incubation was affected by incubation temperature, but egg weight loss at 21 d was lower for eggs incubated at 37.5 degrees C than for the other treatments.
Results show that the most effective incubation temperature for the ostrich is lower than the most effective incubation temperature for most bird species.
[MeSH-major] Embryonic Development. Struthioniformes / embryology. Temperature
[MeSH-minor] Animals. Embryo, Nonmammalian / physiology. Humidity. Time Factors
177. |......... 6%Cagnacci A, Renzi A, Arangino S, Alessandrini C, Volpe A: Interplay between maternal weight and seasons in determining the secondary sex ratio of human offspring.Fertil Steril; 2005 Jul;84(1):246-8
[Title] Interplay between maternal weight and seasons in determining the secondary sex ratio of human offspring.
When gender of 9,284 single fetuses, which were delivered at term in the Policlinic of Modena between 1997-2001, was stratified for month of conception and for quartiles of pregravid maternal weight, it showed that the ratio of male to female fetuses (secondary sex ratio) was characterized by a clear seasonal variation that was modulated by pregravid maternal weight.
Two seasonal peaks of sex ratio (March and October +/- 31 days) were observed in mothers in the lowest two quartiles of prepregnancy body weight (< or =62 kg), and one single peak (October +/-36 days) was observed in mothers with preconception weight in the upper two quartiles.
[MeSH-major] Body Weight / physiology. Seasons. Sex Ratio
178. |......... 6%Cooper KK, Trinh HT, Songer JG: Immunization with recombinant alpha toxin partially protects broiler chicks against experimental challenge with Clostridium perfringens.Vet Microbiol; 2009 Jan 1;133(1-2):92-7
[Title] Immunization with recombinant alpha toxin partially protects broiler chicks against experimental challenge with Clostridium perfringens.
Necrotic enteritis (NE) in poultry has re-emerged as a concern for poultry producers, due in part to banning, by many countries, of the use of antimicrobial growth promoters in feeds.
This re-emergence has led to a search for alternative methods for control of the disease, particularly vaccination.
The objective of this work was to determine if vaccination of broiler chicks with recombinant alpha toxin protected against experimental challenge.
Broiler chicks were vaccinated subcutaneously at 5 and 15 days of age, followed 10 days later by challenge with Clostridium perfringens.
Birds were challenged twice daily on 4 consecutive days by mixing C. perfringens cultures with feed (three parts culture: four parts feed).
Non-vaccinated birds challenged with C. perfringens developed NE at the rate of 87.8%, while only 54.9% of vaccinated birds developed lesions.
In addition, non-vaccinated birds had lesion scores averaging 2.37, while average scores in vaccinated birds were 1.35.
Vaccination produced an antibody response, with post-vaccination anti-alpha toxin IgG (IgY) titers in vaccinated birds more than 5-fold greater than in non-vaccinated birds.
After challenge, vaccinated birds had average IgG (IgY) titers>15-fold higher than those in non-vaccinated birds.
These results suggest that alpha toxin may serve as an effective immunogen, and, as such, may play a role in pathogenesis.
179. |......... 6%Tedesco D, Steidler S, Galletti S, Tameni M, Sonzogni O, Ravarotto L: Efficacy of silymarin-phospholipid complex in reducing the toxicity of aflatoxin B1 in broiler chicks.Poult Sci; 2004 Nov;83(11):1839-43
[Title] Efficacy of silymarin-phospholipid complex in reducing the toxicity of aflatoxin B1 in broiler chicks.
Silymarin, the standardized extract of Silybum marianum, is used as a hepatoprotector in man, and is a potent antihepatotoxic agent.
This study focused on the effects of a silymarin-phospholipid complex in reducing the toxic effects of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) in broiler chickens.
Twenty-one 14-d-old male commercial broilers were randomly allotted to 3 groups and treated as follows: basal diet alone [Group C (Control)]; AFB1 at 0.8 mg/kg of feed [Group B1]; AFB1 at 0.8 mg/kg of feed plus silymarin phytosome, a silymarin complexed form with phospholipids from soy, at 600 mg/kg of BW [Group B1+Sil].
Considering the whole growth cycle, BW gain and feed intake were lower in AFB1-treated birds with respect to controls (P < 0.05).
In the B1+Sil group, BW gain and feed intake were higher with respect to birds receiving AFB1 alone (P < 0.05), and not different from the control birds.
Serum biochemistry showed no difference among groups, except for a decrease of alanine amino transferase (ALT) in chicks treated only with AFB1.
Alanine amino transferase activity in AFB1 plus silymarin phytosome treated birds was not different from the controls.
No treatment differences were noted on liver weight.
In conclusion, our results suggest that silymarin phytosome can provide protection against the negative effects of AFB1 on performance of broiler chicks.
[Affiliation] Department of Veterinary Science and Technology for Food Safety, Via Celoria, 10, 20133 Milan, Italy. doriana.tedesco@unimi.it send email
view PubMed record for the above article (PMID = 15554059).
180. |......... 6%Politis I, Fegeros K, Nitsch S, Schatzmayr G, Kantas D: Use of Trichosporon mycotoxinivorans to suppress the effects of ochratoxicosis on the immune system of broiler chicks.Br Poult Sci; 2005 Feb;46(1):58-65
[Title] Use of Trichosporon mycotoxinivorans to suppress the effects of ochratoxicosis on the immune system of broiler chicks.
(1) The objective of this study was to determine whether the dietary inclusion of Trichosporon mycotoxinivorans (TRM) could suppress the detrimental effects of ochratoxin A (OTA) on the immune system of broiler chicks. (2) Six experimental treatments were tested in 300 1-d-old broiler chicks.
Treatments included addition to a standard broiler ration of neither OTA nor TRM (Diet 1), OTA alone (500 microg/kg), OTA plus TRM at three inclusion rates (10(4) CFU/g of feed, 10(5) CFU/g, 10(6) CFU/g) and TRM alone at 10(5) CFU/g of feed.
The ration was fed to chicks for 42 d. (3) Blood samples were collected at d 10, 20, 30 and 40 and macrophages and heterophils were isolated.
The following variables were determined in macrophages and heterophils activated by phorbol myristate acetate (65 microM): cell viability, total cell-associated urokinase-plasminogen activator (u-PA), membrane-bound u-PA, free u-PA binding sites and superoxide production. (4) There was a decrease in the viability of macrophages and heterophils from chicks receiving OTA-contaminated feed compared to the viability of cells from control birds at d 40.
Dietary TRM completely blocked the effect of OTA on cell viability; all three inclusion rates were equally effective.
There was a decrease in total cell-associated and membrane-bound u-PA in macrophages and heterophils of chicks receiving OTA-contaminated feed compared to the corresponding values in control birds for heterophils at d 30 and 40 and for the macrophages at d 40. (5) Similarly, dietary TRM abolished the effect of OTA on total cell-associated and membrane-bound u-PA activity.
All three inclusion rates of yeast were equally effective.
Heterophils, but not macrophages, isolated from chicks receiving OTA-contaminated diet produced less superoxide anion compared to all other diet groups at d 30 and 40. (6) The immune system is a primary target of OTA toxicity in broilers: several functional properties of macrophages and heterophils were depressed in chicks fed OTA-contaminated feed.
There was a delay of 30d before the immunosuppressive effect became apparent.
The dietary inclusion of TRM completely blocked the detrimental effects of OTA on several immune properties in broilers.
181. |......... 6%Alexopoulos EC, Alamanos Y: Secondary sex ratio in Greece: evidence of an influence by father's occupational exposure.Hum Reprod; 2007 Nov;22(11):2999-3001
[Title] Secondary sex ratio in Greece: evidence of an influence by father's occupational exposure.
BACKGROUND: Several medical, occupational and environmental paternal exposures have been suggested to be associated with low offspring sex ratios.
The purpose of this study was to analyse trends and variations in the secondary sex ratio in Greece during the last 50 years and among different occupational groups of male employees of a shipyard.
METHODS: Data were retrieved from National Statistics Agency databases through the period 1955-2005, and linear regression was administered to examine the evolution of the sex ratio of newborns.
In addition, 587 male shipyard employees with 1,012 children were included in the study.
Binary logistic regression analysis was conducted to study the influence of father's job title on offspring sex ratio.
RESULTS: Total births in Greece declined by ~30% between the mid 1950s and 1980, while little change in sex ratio occurred.
In contrast, while between 1980 and 2000, the birth rate continued to decline at the same rate (by ~30%), there appeared to be a trend toward a decrease in sex ratio.
The groups of sandblasters/painters and of ship carpenters showed a significantly lower proportion of boys among newborn children.
CONCLUSIONS: Data from men working in a Greek shipyard suggest that the trend toward a decrease in secondary sex ratio observed in this country may be accounted for by a decrease in male births associated with specific workplace exposures of the father.
[MeSH-major] Occupational Exposure. Paternal Exposure. Sex Ratio
[Journal-full-title] Human reproduction (Oxford, England)
[ISO-abbreviation] Hum. Reprod.
[Language] eng
[Publication-type] Journal Article
[Publication-country] England
182. |......... 6%Yilmaz-Dikmen B, Sahan U: The relationship among age, yolk fatty acids content, and incubation results of broiler breeders.Poult Sci; 2009 Jan;88(1):185-90
[Title] The relationship among age, yolk fatty acids content, and incubation results of broiler breeders.
This research was carried out to investigate the correlations among age, yolk fatty acids content, and incubation results of broiler breeders.
Egg samples were obtained from Ross 308 broiler breeder parent stock at 28, 45, and 65 wk of age.
A total of 1,800 eggs were used for incubation results of each age period.
The mean values of hatchability of fertile eggs (H/F) were 94.04 +/- 0.42, 91.36 +/- 1.08, 85.97 +/- 0.96%, values for hatchability of total eggs (H) were 92.00 +/- 0.47, 83.61 +/- 1.23, 62.78 +/- 1.57%, and fertility ratios (F) were 97.83 +/- 0.30, 91.50 +/- 0.54, and 73.00 +/- 1.55% at 28, 45, and 65 wk of age, respectively (P < 0.01).
The mean values of early embryonic mortality and hatched chick weight were 2.73 +/- 0.27, 4.01 +/- 0.56, 8.93 +/- 0.89% and 36.58 +/- 0.51, 42.47 +/- 0.48, 45.31 +/- 0.96 g, at 28, 45, and 65 wk of age, respectively (P < 0.01).
Myristic acid and linoleic acid contents of yolk significantly decreased with increasing age of broiler breeder (P < 0.01).
The mean yolk myristic acid contents were 0.34 +/- 0.02, 0.29 +/- 0.06, and 0.24 +/- 0.01 mg/g, and linoleic acid contents were 21.60 +/- 1.26, 16.05 +/- 3.04, and 13.87 +/- 0.49 mg/g at 28, 45, and 65 wk of age, respectively (P < 0.01).
Correlations between breeder age and myristic acid and linoleic acid (r = -0.317 and -0.435, respectively) were significant when data were pooled from 28 to 65 wk of age.
Significant correlations between H/F and myristic acid and linoleic acid were determined.
The correlation between F and linoleic acid (r = 0.364; P < 0.05) was found to be significant with the change of breeder age.
There were negative correlations between late embryonic mortality and myristic acid (r = -0.432; P < 0.05), stearic acid (r = -0.437; P < 0.05), and linoleic acid (r = -0.469; P < 0.5) at 28 to 65 wk of age.
The findings from this study will contribute to the hatcheries of the poultry sector and the new studies that are going to be carried out..
[Publication-type] Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
[Publication-country] United States
[Chemical-registry-number] 0 / Fatty Acids
183. |......... 5%Underwood SL, Bathgate R, Maxwell WM, Evans G: In vitro characteristics of frozen-thawed, sex-sorted bull sperm after refreezing or incubation at 15 or 37 degrees C.Theriogenology; 2009 Oct 15;72(7):1001-8
[Title] In vitro characteristics of frozen-thawed, sex-sorted bull sperm after refreezing or incubation at 15 or 37 degrees C.
The objective was to determine the in vitro characteristics of frozen-thawed dairy bull sperm after sex-sorting and refreezing and thawing (0, 2, and 4h post-thaw; 37 degrees C) or post-sort incubation at 15 or 37 degrees C for 30 and 24h, respectively.
These sperm were compared with nonsorted frozen-thawed sperm (control) and with nonsorted sperm undergoing two cryopreservation procedures (FF; 0, 2, and 4h).
Frozen-thawed sex-sorted (FS) sperm maintained at 15 or 37 degrees C had higher (P<0.001) progressive motility (PM), velocity, mitochondrial function, viability, and acrosome integrity than that of control sperm but similar total motility at 0 and 2h of incubation.
Frozen-thawed sex-sorted sperm incubated at 15 degrees C maintained high levels of motility (66.5+/-1.6%) and viability/acrosome integrity (64.9+/-1.2%) at 24h incubation and, after rewarming and further 6h incubation at 37 degrees C, acceptable levels of motility (35.8+/-1.6%) and viability/acrosome integrity (51.2+/-1.2%) were maintained.
Frozen-thawed sex-sorted sperm maintained at 37 degrees C had lower levels of motility, integrity, mitochondrial respiration, and velocity from 4h of incubation onward than that of those incubated at 15 degrees C.
However, when frozen-thawed sex-sorted sperm were refrozen (FSF), motility and velocity were depressed at all hours compared with levels exhibited by control sperm, but membrane viability/acrosome integrity and mitochondrial respiration were similar at 0 and 2h post-thaw.
Acrosome integrity of sperm in all groups undergoing sorting was exceptionally high at 0h (> or =90%), even after re-cryopreservation and 4h of incubation (77.5+/-1.3%).
Double frozen-thawed nonsorted sperm (FF) had similar motility to FSF sperm at 0 and 2h post-thaw but at all time points had the lowest (P<0.001) levels of acrosome intact/viable sperm and mitochondrial respiration and the lowest velocity at 0 h.
In conclusion, whereas sex-sorting improved the functionality of frozen-thawed sperm, refreezing depressed motility, viability, and velocity but not acrosome integrity after extended incubation compared with that of control sperm.
Furthermore, frozen-thawed, sex-sorted sperm may be stored for transport at 15 degrees C for up 24h without detrimental effects on in vitro sperm characteristics.
[Publication-type] Comparative Study; Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
[Publication-country] United States
184. |......... 5%Aaby P, Garly ML, Nielsen J, Ravn H, Martins C, Balé C, Rodrigues A, Benn CS, Lisse IM: Increased female-male mortality ratio associated with inactivated polio and diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis vaccines: Observations from vaccination trials in Guinea-Bissau.Pediatr Infect Dis J; 2007 Mar;26(3):247-52
[Title] Increased female-male mortality ratio associated with inactivated polio and diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis vaccines: Observations from vaccination trials in Guinea-Bissau.
BACKGROUND: The 2-fold increase in female mortality after high-titer measles vaccine may have occurred because many children received diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis (DTP) vaccine or inactivated polio vaccine (IPV) after high-titer measles vaccine.
OBJECTIVE: We examined whether DTP vaccine and IPV were associated with increased female mortality when they were the most recent vaccine administered to children who had not received measles vaccine.
Setting and Design: IPV was used as a control vaccine in 4 randomized trials of early measles vaccination (MV) with enrollment at 4-6 months of age conducted in Guinea-Bissau.
Many children had not received all 3 DTP vaccinations before enrollment, and therefore received DTP after IPV or MV.
We examined whether DTP vaccination status at enrollment affected the female-male mortality ratio.
Population: 9544 children enrolled in 4 trials.
Main outcome measure: The female-male mortality ratio in different vaccine groups.
RESULTS: Females had a higher mortality rate than males among children randomized to receive IPV (mortality rate ratio [MR] 1.52, 95% CI 1.02-2.28), but females had a similar mortality rate to males among children randomized to receive MV (MR 1.01, 0.69-1.46) and among children in the IPV group after they had received MV at 9 months of age or later (MR 0.88, 0.68-1.14).
Children who had not received a third dose of DTP before enrollment (and were likely to receive DTP after MV or IPV) tended to have a higher mortality than children who had received all 3 doses of DTP (MR 1.30, 0.97-1.73).
This effect was seen only among girls (MR 1.61, 1.08-2.40) and not among boys (MR 1.02, 0.67-1.54).
Girls had a lower mortality when MV was the most recent vaccine received rather than DTP or IPV (MR 0.49, 0.28-0.87).
CONCLUSIONS: Randomization to IPV was associated with higher female than male mortality.
However, the increased female mortality might result from additional doses of DTP received after enrollment and before measles vaccination.
185. |......... 5%Bersényi A, Fekete SG, Szilágyi M, Berta E, Zöldág L, Glávits R: Effects of nickel supply on the fattening performance and several biochemical parameters of broiler chickens and rabbits.Acta Vet Hung; 2004;52(2):185-97
[Title] Effects of nickel supply on the fattening performance and several biochemical parameters of broiler chickens and rabbits.
Broiler chicken and rabbit experiments were carried out to study the effects of nickel (Ni) supplementation on growth performance and Ni metabolism.
ROSS cockerels and New Zealand White female rabbits were fed a diet containing Ni in concentrations of 0, 50 and 500 mg/kg in dry matter (DM).
Dietary supplementation of 50 mg Ni/kg slightly improved the body weight gain (BWG) and had a beneficial effect on the feed conversion efficiency (FCE) in broiler chickens.
However, Ni added at a level of 500 mg/kg significantly (P < 0.05) reduced the BWG by 10% and resulted in significantly (P < 0.05) worse (2.3 +/- 0.2 kg/kg) FCE.
The relative weight of the liver in cockerels was significantly (P < 0.05) decreased by Ni as compared to the control group (1.7 and 2.1% vs. 2.6%).
The activity of AST and CHE enzymes was increased insignificantly by dietary supplementation of 500 mg Ni/kg, indicating damage of the liver parenchyma.
The results of serum biochemistry were confirmed by a mild or moderate form of pathological focal fatty infiltration of the liver in broilers.
Supplemental Ni of 50 mg/kg concentration resulted in non-significantly increased BWG in rabbits.
Ni added to the diet at a level of 500 mg/kg reduced the digestibility of crude protein by 3-4% and that of crude fibre by 20-25% in rabbits. Approx.
98% of the ingested Ni was lost from the body via the faeces, 0.5-1.5% via the urine and approx.
1% was incorporated into the organs of rabbits.
As a result of dietary supplementation of 50 and 500 mg Ni/kg, Ni accumulated in the kidneys (4.9 +/- 0.5 and 17.1 +/- 3.1 vs. 1.9 +/- 0.3 mg/kg DM), ribs (10.3 +/- 0.4 and 10.4 +/- 0.6 vs. 9.1 +/- 0.6 mg/kg DM), heart (1.4 +/- 0.2 and 2.5 +/- 0.4 vs. 1.0 +/- 0.1 mg/kg DM) and liver (1.3 +/- 0.1 and 2.2 +/- 0.2 vs. 0.9 +/- 0.05 mg/kg DM), as compared to the control animals.
It can be stated that supplementation of the diet with 50 mg Ni/kg had slight but non-significant beneficial effects on the growth performance of broiler chickens and rabbits.
186. |......... 5%Angelard C, Montchamp-Moreau C, Joly D: Female-driven mechanisms, ejaculate size and quality contribute to the lower fertility of sex-ratio distorter males in Drosophila simulans.BMC Evol Biol; 2008;8:326
[Title] Female-driven mechanisms, ejaculate size and quality contribute to the lower fertility of sex-ratio distorter males in Drosophila simulans.
BACKGROUND: Sex-ratio meiotic drive refers to the preferential transmission of the X chromosome by XY males.
The loss of Y-bearing sperm is caused by an X-linked distorter and results in female-biased progeny.
The fertility of sex-ratio (SR) males expressing the distorter is usually strongly reduced compared to wild-type males, especially when they are in competition.
The aim of this study was to identify the post-copulatory mechanisms that lower the fertility of SR males in Drosophila simulans.
Parameters contributing to male fertility were measured in single and double mating conditions.
RESULTS: The most detrimental effect on SR males fertility is due to the size of their ejaculate which is half that of wild-type males.
Sperm viability and sperm use by the females are also reduced.
Sex-ratio males are poor sperm competitors in both offence and defence.
We found evidence for sperm release from the female reproductive tract that specifically affects SR males.
It results in the removal of stored sperm from a first SR mate without the action of the sperm of the second male.
In addition, females mated once with an SR male remate more frequently with wild-type males.
CONCLUSION: The paternity reduction of SR males in competitive conditions is greater than that attributable to their low sperm production and could prevent the spread of distorter X chromosomes in populations when multiple mating occur.
The female-driven mechanisms are shown to play a major role both throughout the post-copulatory selective process and increased polyandry.
The variation in male reproductive performance may drive the evolution of sexual learning capability of females.
[MeSH-major] Drosophila / physiology. Fertility / physiology. Semen / physiology. Sex Ratio
[MeSH-minor] Animals. Body Size. Female. Male. Sexual Behavior, Animal / physiology. Spermatozoa / physiology. Time Factors
[Affiliation] Laboratoire Evolution, Génomes et Spéciation, CNRS - UPR 9034 - Avenue de la Terrasse, F - 91 198, Gif-sur-Yvette, Cedex, France. caroline.angelard@unil.ch send email
187. |......... 5%Ahmad G, Mushtaq T, Mirza MA, Ahmed Z: Comparative bioefficacy of lysine from L-lysine hydrochloride or L-lysine sulfate in basal diets containing graded levels of canola meal for female broiler chickens.Poult Sci; 2007 Mar;86(3):525-30
[Title] Comparative bioefficacy of lysine from L-lysine hydrochloride or L-lysine sulfate in basal diets containing graded levels of canola meal for female broiler chickens.
A broiler growth assay was conducted to compare the efficacy of l-lysine HCl and l-lysine sulfate at a graded addition of canola meal (CM).
A total of 1,440 1-d-old female Hubbard broiler chicks were allotted randomly to 6 dietary treatments each in 4 replicates of 60 birds per pen.
The 2 lysine sources (l-lysine HCl and l-lysine sulfate) and the 3 CM levels (10, 15, and 20%) were used in 2 x 3 factorial arrangement in isonitrogenous (19% CP) and equicaloric (2,700 kcal of ME/kg) diets containing 0.96% digestible lysine.
The experiment lasted for 42 d, and a single mash diet was used throughout the experiment.
The feed intake during the starter phase (1 to 28 d) decreased linearly as the dietary CM level increased with diets containing l-lysine HCl, whereas feed intake increased linearly with increasing dietary CM level with that of lysine sulfate.
Gizzard weight as percentage of carcass weight increased linearly (P < or = 0.016) as dietary CM level increased.
No significant effect of lysine sources or CM was observed on body weight gain, feed:gain, mortality, carcass weight, breast and thigh yield, and abdominal fat.
In conclusion, l-lysine HCl can be replaced with l-lysine sulfate for broiler diets, and CM can be used as up to 20% of the starter (1 to 28 d) and finisher (29 to 42 d) diets without having any adverse effects of broiler performance.
188. |......... 5%Watson BC, Matthews JO, Southern LL, Shelton JL: The interactive effects of Eimeria acervulina infection and phytase for broiler chicks.Poult Sci; 2005 Jun;84(6):910-3
[Title] The interactive effects of Eimeria acervulina infection and phytase for broiler chicks.
An experiment was conducted to determine the interactive effects of Eimeria acervulina infection and phytase in male broiler chicks.
Chicks were standardized from 0 to 4 d posthatching, and the assay period was 5 to 15 d.
Treatments were replicated with 6 pens of 5 chicks each.
The initial and final BW were 67 and 363 g.
A corn-soybean meal diet formulated to provide 1.26% total Lys and 3,200 kcal of ME/kg was used, and it was adequate in all other nutrients except Ca and nonphytate P (NPP) when appropriate.
The treatments were in a 2 x 2 x 2 factorial arrangement: adequate Ca and NPP (1.0% Ca and 0.45% NPP) or inadequate Ca and NPP (0.80% Ca and 0.25% NPP), 0 or 600 phytase units/kg of diet, and uninfected or infected with 400,000 E. acervulina oocysts on d 0, 3, and 6 of the experiment.
Daily gain, average daily feed intake, and gain:feed (GF) were reduced (P < 0.01) by the coccidial infection and the reduction in Ca and NPP.
Phytase addition increased (P < 0.02) average daily gain and average daily feed intake, regardless of the Ca and NPP contents of the diet or the presence of coccidiosis.
The GF was increased by phytase but only in uninfected chicks (phytase x coccidiosis, P < 0.02).
Toe and tibia ash percentages were decreased (P < 0.01) in chicks fed diets deficient in Ca and NPP, but tibia ash was decreased more by Ca and NPP in healthy chicks than in infected chicks (coccidiosis x Ca and NPP, P < 0.02).
Phytase increased (P < 0.02) toe and tibia ash but only in diets deficient in Ca and NPP (phytase x Ca and NPP, P < 0.01).
Phytase increased toe ash percentage of healthy chicks fed diets deficient in Ca and NPP, but it had less of an effect in infected chicks fed diets deficient in Ca and NPP (coccidiosis x Ca and NPP x phytase, P < 0.08).
Also, phytase was less effective in increasing tibia ash percentage in coccidiosis-infected chicks than in uninfected chicks (phytase x coccidiosis, P < 0.02).
These data indicate that phytase is effective in the presence of a coccidial infection, but based on GF and tibia ash percentage, it may not be as effective as in uninfected chicks.
Also, phytase increased average daily gain and average daily feed intake in uninfected chicks fed diets formulated to be adequate (or in excess) in all nutrients for male broiler chicks.
189. |......... 5%Kumar MS, Virk HK, Chaudhuri A, Mittal A, Lewis G: A rapid situation and response assessment of the female regular sex partners of male drug users in South Asia: factors associated with condom use during the last sexual intercourse.Int J Drug Policy; 2008 Apr;19(2):148-58
[Title] A rapid situation and response assessment of the female regular sex partners of male drug users in South Asia: factors associated with condom use during the last sexual intercourse.
OBJECTIVES: We carried out a rapid assessment among the female regular sex partners of drug users/injecting drug users recruited from Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Nepal and Sri Lanka with the objective of designing appropriate responses targeting them.
We examined the correlates of condom use among them.
METHODS: Data was collected from 4612 female regular sex partners recruited by different NGO partners spread across the five countries in the region.
We carried out univariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis to determine variables associated with condom use during their last sexual intercourse.
RESULTS: Of the total sample, 22% admitted to using drugs ever in their life and 21% reported condom use during the last sexual act.
A fourth of the participants have not heard of HIV/AIDS and only 17% have been tested for HIV.
In a multivariate model, women engaged in sex work, from Nepal, used drugs before last sexual intercourse, heard of HIV/AIDS, ever used drugs and approached by someone with information on HIV were likely to have used condoms during the last sexual intercourse about twice or more: (AOR=4, 95% CI: 3, 5.3; AOR=3.4, 95% CI: 2.4, 4.9; AOR=2.5, 95% CI: 1.9, 3.3; AOR=2.1, 95% CI: 1.5, 3; AOR=2, 95% CI: 1.5, 2.6; AOR=1.7, 95% CI: 1.4, 2 respectively).
Condom use was negatively associated with women with a single sex partner (AOR=0.6, 95% CI: 0.5, 0.7).
CONCLUSIONS: Condom use is low among the female regular sex partners and is primarily associated with women exhibiting risky practices.
Apart from sustaining and expanding HIV prevention programmes that aim to increase the HIV/AIDS related knowledge and scale-up HIV testing among the drug users and their regular sex partners, there is an urgent need to reach out to the women in stable marital relationship with drug users.
This study has demonstrated that it is feasible to access this population and the priority is to design and implement individual, couple and group level interventions that ensure consistent condom use with their primary partners.
[Journal-full-title] The International journal on drug policy
[ISO-abbreviation] Int. J. Drug Policy
[Language] eng
[Publication-type] Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
[Publication-country] Netherlands
190. |......... 5%Bartell SM, Batal AB: The effect of supplemental glutamine on growth performance, development of the gastrointestinal tract, and humoral immune response of broilers.Poult Sci; 2007 Sep;86(9):1940-7
[Title] The effect of supplemental glutamine on growth performance, development of the gastrointestinal tract, and humoral immune response of broilers.
Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the effect of supplemental Gln on growth performance, development of the gastrointestinal tract, and humoral immune response of broilers.
Immediately after hatch 6 replicate pens of 6 chicks were randomly assigned to 1 of 7 (experiment 1) or 5 (experiment 2) dietary treatments for 21 d.
On d 4, 7, 14, and 21, twelve chicks per treatment (2 chicks/pen) were killed for thymus, spleen, bursa, duodenum, jejunum, ileum, bile, and blood sample collections and weights.
In experiment 1, the effect of 1 or 4% Gln addition to the feed, water, or both was compared with a corn-soybean meal (SBM) control diet.
All diets were formulated to be isocaloric and isonitrogenous.
Weight gain improved significantly (P < 0.05) when chicks were fed diets with 1% Gln as compared with chicks fed the control diet (11% average improvement).
The addition of 4% Gln to the diet or water depressed (P < 0.05) growth performance.
Based on the results from experiment 1, 1% Gln supplementation to the diet was determined to be ample and most practical.
Thus in experiment 2, diets supplemented with 1% Gln were fed for 4, 7, 14, or 21 d after which time chicks were fed the corn-SBM control diet until the experiment was terminated at 21 d.
Weight gain improved significantly (P < 0.05) when chicks were fed diets supplemented with 1% Gln throughout the 21-d study.
In both experiments, chicks fed diets supplemented with 1% Gln for 21 d had higher concentrations of bile, intestinal, and sera IgA and sera IgG (P < 0.05).
Chicks fed diets with 1% Gln had heavier intestinal relative weights and longer intestinal villi (P < 0.05) as compared with the chicks fed the corn-SBM diet.
Our results indicate that the addition of 1% Gln to the diet of broiler chicks improves growth performance and may stimulate development of the gastrointestinal tract and humoral immune response.
191. |......... 5%Kristensen HH, Perry GC, Prescott NB, Ladewig J, Ersbøll AK, Wathes CM: Leg health and performance of broiler chickens reared in different light environments.Br Poult Sci; 2006 Jun;47(3):257-63
[Title] Leg health and performance of broiler chickens reared in different light environments.
1. The effects of light source and intensity on leg health and performance of female ROSS 308 broiler chickens were investigated in a 2 x 2 experimental design (8 groups of 275 chicks) of two light sources (Osram biolux and Osram warm-white) and two light intensities (5 and 100 clux, adjusted to fowl-perceived illuminance).
2. At 41 d of age, body weight, gait-score, footpad dermatitis and hock-burn were measured on 50 birds from each light environment.
In addition, weekly feed intake and body weight were determined on a group basis and mortality was recorded continuously.
3. The light environment did not affect the severity of the gait-score or hock-burns.
The risk of moderate to severe lameness and hock-burns increased with body weight.
Birds weighing more than 2400 g had an increased probability of moderate footpad lesions in biolux light.
4. Weight and gait-score, as well as gait-score and hock-burn were positively correlated.
Podo-dermatitis was weakly correlated with hock-burn, which contradicts earlier findings.
The light environment did not affect feed intake, body weight or mortality.
5. The light sources and intensities employed in this study did not adversely affect production or leg health of broiler chickens reared semi-commercially.
192. |......... 5%Amerah AM, Ravindran V, Lentle RG: Influence of insoluble fibre and whole wheat inclusion on the performance, digestive tract development and ileal microbiota profile of broiler chickens.Br Poult Sci; 2009 May;50(3):366-75
[Title] Influence of insoluble fibre and whole wheat inclusion on the performance, digestive tract development and ileal microbiota profile of broiler chickens.
1. An experiment of 21-d duration was conducted to examine the effects of diluting wheat-based diets with insoluble fibre sources and whole wheat inclusion on the performance, nutrient utilisation, digestive tract development and ileal microbiota profile of broiler chickens.
The treatments were as follows: Treatment 1, control diet based on ground wheat; Treatment 2, where 200 g/kg whole wheat replaced the ground wheat pre-pelleting; and Treatments 3 and 4 where the control diet was diluted with fine cellulose and wood shavings, respectively, at a ratio of 6 : 100 (w/w).
2. Weight gains and apparent metabolisable energy were unaffected by dietary treatment.
Gain : feed ratio was not influenced by the inclusion of whole wheat or wood shavings, but decreased with cellulose inclusion.
However, when gain:feed of birds was corrected by subtracting the amount of cellulose and wood shavings from the total feed consumption, it was found that the inclusion of wood shavings increased gain : feed, while cellulose inclusion had no effect.
Similarly, AME(N) was unaffected by dietary treatment.
However, when AME(N) was corrected for energy contribution from cellulose or wood shavings, improvements in AME(N) were observed in these two treatments.
3. Wood shavings increased the relative gizzard weights and improved ileal starch digestibility compared to other dietary treatments.
All gut components were shorter in birds given diets containing cellulose and wood shavings compared to those receiving the control and whole wheat diets.
4. Ileal microbiota profiling, using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis, showed that microbial composition was affected by dietary treatment and that the treatments were grouped into two main clusters.
The two groupings showed similarity between birds receiving the control and cellulose diets and similarity between birds fed on the whole wheat and wood shavings diets.
5. The findings suggest that the effects of insoluble fibre on broiler performance differed depending on the fibre particle size.
193. |......... 5%Ipek A, Karabulut A, Sahan U, Canbolat O, Yilmaz-Dikmen B: The effects of different feeding management systems on performance of a slow-growing broiler genotype.Br Poult Sci; 2009 Mar;50(2):213-7
[Title] The effects of different feeding management systems on performance of a slow-growing broiler genotype.
1. A total of 420 male 1-d-old chicks of a slow-growing genetic line (Hubbard ISA Red JA) were used as the trial material.
Two diets that were low in fats and high in cereals, and free from growth promoters and animal protein, and formulated at two energy and protein concentrations, were fed ad libitum or 80% of ad libitum.
The birds had access to pasture from 14 d to slaughter at 84 d of age.
2. The treatment groups were: Dilute-AL (energy and protein diluted diet fed ad libitum), Dilute-R (restricted energy and protein diluted diet), High-AL (high energy and protein diet fed ad libitum), High-R (restricted high energy and protein diet).
3. Daily weight gains and feed consumptions were recorded in each replicate.
4. The live weight on d 84 was lowest in the Dilute-R group, whereas the highest live weight was in the High-AL group.
The highest feed consumption was found in the Dilute-AL and High-AL groups.
The worst feed conversion ratio was determined in the Dilute-AL and Dilute-R groups.
The effect of treatments on mortality was not significant.
5. The best feed conversion efficiency was obtained in the feed-restricted group receiving the high energy and protein diet.
The results suggest that forage may contribute to the nutrition of slow-growing free range broiler chickens if suitable pasture species are grown.
194. |......... 5%Owens B, McCracken KJ: A comparison of the effects of different yeast products and antibiotic on broiler performance.Br Poult Sci; 2007 Feb;48(1):49-54
[Title] A comparison of the effects of different yeast products and antibiotic on broiler performance.
1. The objectives of this experiment were to compare the effects of different yeast products, with different nucleotide contents and inclusion rates, on broiler performance and to compare the effects to those observed with an antibiotic growth promoter.
2. Two experiments were carried out over two time replicates, one in individual wire cages and one in group pens.
3. Birds were given a diet based on a commercial formulation, which was split into 7 batches.
One batch (C) contained no growth promoter and acted as a negative control, another (AV) contained the antibiotic growth promoter Avilomycin (5 g/tonne) and acted as the positive control.
The other batches contained yeast extract 2012 at 100 g/tonne (Y21), yeast extract 2012 at 500 g/tonne (Y25), standard yeast 18 at 100 g/tonne (Y81), standard yeast 18 enriched in nucleotides at 100 g/tonne (Y8N1) and standard yeast 18 enriched in nucleotides at 500 g/tonne (Y8N5).
4. In the penned experiment, 280 Cobb broiler chicks (40 birds/treatment) were randomised to diet and pen position on day of hatch.
Birds were fed ad libitum until slaughter at 28 d.
Bird performance was monitored during the experimental period.
5. In the individual cage experiment, 63 Cobb broiler chicks (9 birds/treatment) were taken from the pens at 7 d of age and randomised to diet and cage position.
Birds were fed ad libitum from d 7 to d 28.
A 7-d excreta collection was carried out to determine apparent metabolisable energy (AME) content and nutrient digestibility between d 14 and d 21.
Bird intake and weight were monitored weekly during the experimental period.
At 28 d the birds were killed and viscosity of jejunal digesta supernatant was determined.
6. In the penned experiment, diet had no significant effect on dry matter intake (DMI), live weight gain (LWG) or gain:feed values during any individual week of the experiment or for the entire experimental period.
In the caged experiment, DMI was numerically highest for birds fed Y25 diet over the entire experimental period, however, this only reached significance in the second week.
LWG, gain:feed, viscosity of jejunal contents and gizzard weight were not significantly affected by dietary treatment.
7. Diet AV had a significantly higher AME content than diets Y25, Y81, Y8N1 or Y8N5.
Also, oil and neutral detergent fibre (NDF) digestibility coefficients were significantly affected by diet treatment.
195. |......... 5%Niu ZY, Liu FZ, Yan QL, Li WC: Effects of different levels of vitamin E on growth performance and immune responses of broilers under heat stress.Poult Sci; 2009 Oct;88(10):2101-7
[Title] Effects of different levels of vitamin E on growth performance and immune responses of broilers under heat stress.
This experiment was undertaken to evaluate the effect of dietary vitamin E on growth performance and immune response of broilers under heat stress (HS).
Birds raised in either a thermoneutral (23.9 degrees C constant) or HS (23.9 to 38 degrees C cycling) environment were fed a corn-soybean meal basal diet supplemented with vitamin E at 0, 100, or 200 mg/kg, respectively.
Two hundred forty 1-d-old male broiler chicks were randomly assigned to 6 groups; each group had 4 replicates of 10 birds.
Humoral immunity was assessed by i.v. injection of 7% SRBC followed by evaluation of serum for antibody titers in primary and secondary responses.
Cell-mediated immunity was assessed by using a Sephadex stimulation method to recruit abdominal exudate cells (AEC) to evaluate macrophage phagocytic ability.
Body weight and feed intake were not significantly influenced by dietary vitamin E (P>0.05), whereas feed conversion was significantly affected by vitamin E at 100 mg/kg (P<0.05).
Numbers of AEC, percentage of macrophages in AEC, phagocytic macrophages, and internalized opsonized and unopsonized SRBC were increased by dietary vitamin E (P<0.05).
Both primary and secondary antibody responses were significantly increased by dietary vitamin E when birds were exposed to HS (P<0.05).
Lymphoid organ weights, antibody responses, incidence of macrophages in AEC, and phagocytic ability of macrophages were all significantly reduced under HS.
These results indicated that HS severely reduced growth performance and immune response of broilers, whereas the immune response of broilers could be improved by dietary vitamin E supplementation under HS.
[MeSH-major] Antibody Formation / immunology. Antioxidants / pharmacology. Chickens / immunology. Hot Temperature / adverse effects. Immunity, Cellular / immunology. Vitamin E / pharmacology
[MeSH-minor] Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena. Animals. Antibodies / blood. Body Weight. Male. Phagocytosis / immunology. Random Allocation
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[Title] Versazyme supplementation of broiler diets improves market growth performance.
Day-old male broiler chicks were randomly assigned to 32 floor pens in a completely randomized block design and grown to 6 wk of age.
Birds in experiment 1 were fed 1 of 2 basal diets supplemented with or without a protease containing feed additive, Versazyme (VZ).
The 4 treatments were 1) control (C), a corn-soybean meal diet that contained 95% of amino acids recommended by NRC except for threonine and isoleucine;.
2) C + 0.1% VZ (wt/wt) (C+) in the starter diet only;.
3) high (HP) amino acid diet, a corn-soybean meal diet with 100 to 105% of amino acid recommended by NRC except for threonine and isoleucine; and 4) HP + 0.1% VZ (wt/wt) (HP+) in starter diet only.
Supplementing both diets with VZ improved BW and feed conversion ratio (FCR) at 21 d of age and BW at 42 d of age.
Cumulative 42-d FCR was only improved in birds fed the HP+ diet.
Birds in experiment 2 received the following treatments:.
1) HP, 2) HP + 0.1% VZ batch A (wt/wt) (A) in starter diet only, and 3) HP + 0.1% VZ batch B (wt/wt) (B) in starter diet only.
Enzyme supplementation improved 22-d BW and FCR.
There was no significant difference in BW at 43 d of age.
Both A and B improved overall FCR (1.758 and 1.751 vs. 1.79 for A and B vs. HP, respectively).
In conclusion, supplementation of starter broiler diets with VZ resulted in improved market growth performance.
197. |......... 5%Zakaria AH, Plumstead PW, Romero-Sanchez H, Leksrisompong N, Brake J: The effects of oviposition time on egg weight loss during storage and incubation, fertility, and hatchability of broiler hatching eggs.Poult Sci; 2009 Dec;88(12):2712-7
[Title] The effects of oviposition time on egg weight loss during storage and incubation, fertility, and hatchability of broiler hatching eggs.
An experiment was conducted to determine the effect of time of oviposition, generally representing different positions in the normal egg laying sequence, on egg weight loss during storage and incubation, and on fertility and fertile hatchability of eggs from mid-lay (42 wk) and old (67 wk) broiler breeders.
A total of 1,800 eggs (900 eggs per flock age) were collected during 10 consecutive days between 0830 and 1830 h each day.
The eggs were individually marked, weighed, and stored for 1 to 10 d before incubation was initiated.
Egg weight remained less from collection through incubation for eggs from the mid-lay flock than those from the old flock.
Fresh weight of early laid (first-in-sequence;.
C1) eggs was significantly greater than that for the middle-of-day laid (mid-sequence; Cs), or late-in-day laid eggs (terminal-in-sequence; Ct).
Percentage of egg weight loss during storage did not differ significantly between the mid-lay and old flocks but percentage of weight loss in the mid-lay flock was greater during incubation.
Egg weight loss during storage of eggs from the middle-of-day laid (Cs) eggs was significantly greater than for early laid (C1) eggs, which was greater than for the late-in-day laid (Ct) eggs.
Fertility was significantly decreased due to flock age but not due to oviposition time.
Fertile hatchability was also significantly decreased due to flock age, but there was no significant effect of oviposition time.
Early and late dead embryos increased with flock age, but there was no significant effect of oviposition time.
It was concluded that there was no effect of oviposition time on fertility or fertile hatchability even though there were significant differences in egg weight and egg weight loss during storage due to oviposition time.
198. |......... 5%Villamor E, Sparén P, Cnattingius S: Interpregnancy weight gain and the male-to-female sex ratio of the second pregnancy: a population-based cohort study.Fertil Steril; 2008 May;89(5):1240-4
[Title] Interpregnancy weight gain and the male-to-female sex ratio of the second pregnancy: a population-based cohort study.
OBJECTIVES: To investigate whether interpregnancy maternal weight change (difference between body mass index [BMI] at the first antenatal visit of the second pregnancy and BMI at the first antenatal visit of the first pregnancy) or changes in smoking status between pregnancies is related to the sex ratio of the second pregnancy.
DESIGN: Population-based cohort study.
SETTING: Swedish Birth Registry.
PARTICIPANT(S): A total of 220,889 women who had their first two consecutive singleton births between 1992 and 2004.
Both live births and stillbirths were included.
INTERVENTION(S): Analyses of data collected prospectively in nationwide registries.
MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S): Male-to-female sex ratio of the second pregnancy.
RESULT(S): The sex ratio of the second pregnancy increased linearly with the amount of maternal weight change from the first to the second pregnancies, from 1.024 in women who lost more than 1 unit BMI to 1.080 in women who gained 3 or more units.
This association was independent of obstetric complications, length of the interpregnancy interval, and maternal sociodemographic characteristics at the second pregnancy.
Change in maternal smoking status from the first to the second pregnancies was not significantly related to the sex ratio of the second pregnancy.
CONCLUSION(S): There could be a causal relation between prepregnant maternal weight gain and the sex ratio of the offspring.
[MeSH-major] Birth Intervals. Sex Ratio. Weight Gain / physiology
[MeSH-minor] Adult. Body Mass Index. Cohort Studies. Female. Humans. Logistic Models. Male. Pregnancy. Prospective Studies. Registries. Smoking / physiopathology. Sweden. Time Factors
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[Publication-type] Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
[Publication-country] United States
199. |......... 5%Yalçin S, Molayoglu HB, Baka M, Genin O, Pines M: Effect of temperature during the incubation period on tibial growth plate chondrocyte differentiation and the incidence of tibial dyschondroplasia.Poult Sci; 2007 Aug;86(8):1772-83
[Title] Effect of temperature during the incubation period on tibial growth plate chondrocyte differentiation and the incidence of tibial dyschondroplasia.
Tibial dyschondroplasia (TD) is one of the most prevalent skeletal abnormalities in avian species, causing enormous economic losses and major animal welfare problems.
Irregular cell differentiation of the chondrocytes that populate the growth plate has been hypothesized to be involved in the etiology of the disease.
We evaluated the effect of incubation temperature at various stages of embryo development and bone formation on growth plate chondrocyte differentiation and the incidence of TD.
Eggs were incubated either at a control temperature of 37.8 degrees C, or at 36.9 or 39 degrees C, each for 6 h/ d, during early (0 to 8 d) or late (10 to 18 d) embryo development.
At 14 d of incubation and at hatch, tibias were collected and weighed, and their ash and calcium contents were determined.
Growth plate chondrocyte differentiation was evaluated by alkaline phosphatase activity and collagen type II and osteopontin gene expression.
In addition, the level of the heat-shock protein 90 (Hsp90) was evaluated by immunohistochemistry.
The rest of the chicks were raised to 49 d and the incidence of TD was recorded.
The incidence of TD increased only when the temperature was altered at the early stages of embryo development, and it was correlated with an increase in tibia ash but not with tibia weight or calcium content.
Moreover, increased TD incidence was correlated with delayed chondrocyte differentiation.
Early changes in incubation temperature caused an increase in the level of Hsp90 in articular and differentiated chondrocytes of the hypertrophic zone and in the numbers of distinct undifferentiated chondrocytes arranged in columns in the proliferative zone of the growth plate.
In summary, the early stages of embryo development and bone formation are of utmost importantance for appropriate growth plate chondrocyte differentiation, and any temperature deviation will increase the subsequent incidence of TD.
The increase in TD incidence is probably the result of delayed Hsp90-driven chondrocyte differentiation, supporting the hypothesis that TD is the result of abnormal chondrocyte differentiation.
200. |......... 5%Mtileni BJ, Nephawe KA, Nesamvuni AE, Benyi K: The influence of stocking density on body weight, egg weight, and feed intake of adult broiler breeder hens.Poult Sci; 2007 Aug;86(8):1615-9
[Title] The influence of stocking density on body weight, egg weight, and feed intake of adult broiler breeder hens.
The influence of stocking density on BW, egg weight (EW), and feed intake (FI) in Ross broiler breeder hens (n = 120) was investigated during the late medium egg production period (from 50 to 54 wk of age).
Birds were randomly allocated to 6 pens in densities of 15, 20, and 25 birds/pen, giving rise to a floor space allowance of 5, 6.67, and 8.33 birds/m(2), respectively.
Each density was replicated twice, and the order among the 6 pens was chosen at random.
Data were analyzed using the repeated measures techniques of the Statistical Analysis System, considering the covariance structure of the observed data.
There was a significant effect attributable to stocking density, time (in days), and their interaction for BW, EW, and FI.
Birds in density of 6.67 per m(2) were lighter but had heavier eggs than birds in density of 5 per m(2); however, birds in density of 8.33 per m(2) had similar BW and EW with birds in the other 2 groups.
The mean FI were statistically different among the 3 groups, with a reduction in FI as density increases.
Total egg production within the 3 density groups and average egg production per bird were also analyzed using categorical data techniques.
The results indicated that stocking density influenced egg production, with birds at higher density producing fewer eggs per bird.
Although generous floor space allowances were allocated per bird in this experiment, stocking density influenced the performance of broiler breeder hens.
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